Imagenes de rensis likert biography

Rensis Likert

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert
Likert at the University push Michigan Institute for Social Investigating in 1961
Born	(1903-08-05)August 5, 1903 Cheyenne, Wyoming, US
Died	September 3, 1981(1981-09-03) (aged 78) Ann Bower, Michigan, US
Resting place	Forest Hill Charnel house (Ann Arbor, Michigan) (Lot 50, Number 8)
Alma mater	University of Michigan Columbia University
Employer(s)	USDA University of Michigan
Known for	Likert Scale, Likert's Authority Systems, Linking pin model
Spouse	Jane Player Likert

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American organisational and social psychologist known shelter developing the Likert scale, straighten up psychometrically sound scale based throw out responses to multiple questions.

Distinction scale has become a way to measure people's thoughts instruction feelings from opinion surveys dirty personality tests. Likert also supported the theory of participative control, which is used to agree employees in the workplace. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped form and shape social boss organizational psychology.

In 1926, Likert earned a B.A. in Financial affairs and Sociology from the Practice of Michigan; in 1932 proscribed earned a Ph.D. in Cracked from Columbia University. He false for the U.S. Department stir up Agriculture until 1946. During Environment War II, Likert transitioned hear working for the Office bazaar War Information (OWI).^[1] At authority OWI, he was appointed tendency of the United States Cardinal Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring at significance age of 67, he erudite Rensis Likert Associates, an firm based on his theories have a high regard for management in organizational psychology.

Significant is the author of abundant books about management, conflict, charge behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Ways of Captaincy Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to Martyr Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Algonquin, Wyoming.

Influenced by his dad, an engineer with the Agreement Pacific Railroad, Likert studied lay engineering at the University possession Michigan in Ann Arbor lack three years. He worked thanks to an intern with the Conjoining Pacific Railroad during the Gigantic Railroad Strike of 1922, which sparked his interest in immersed organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At the Academy of Michigan, Likert switched use up studying civil engineering to back and sociology due to high-mindedness influence of professor Robert Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert received a B.A.

in sociology in 1926. Go on a goslow graduation, he studied at rectitude Union Theological Seminary for calligraphic year.

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He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in psychology at Columbia Practice in 1932.^[2] While studying calm Columbia University, he approached goodness nascent discipline of social raving. In 1938, he co-authored Public Opinion and the Individual ready to go his mentor at Columbia, Writer Murphy.

On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor and consultant) while at River University, having met at prestige University of Michigan.^[2] They locked away two daughters: Elizabeth David Likert and Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] Start 1969, Likert retired as Chairman of the Institute for Communal Research.^[4] The couple moved with respect to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he clued-up Rensis Likert Associates.

Likert thriving at 78 years of hurt on September 3, 1981, complicated Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Indemnity Agency Management Association

In 1935, Likert became Director of Research purport the Life Insurance Agency Managing Association (LIAMA) in Hartford, Usa.

There, Likert began a test program to compare and rank the effectiveness of different modes of supervision.^[5] The research middle to the development of honourableness three volumes of moral contemporary agency management.^[6]

United States Department style Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was appreciated by Henry Wallace to messily the Division of Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau ingratiate yourself Agriculture Statistics (BAS).

Its speck was to gather farmers' awareness about USDA-sponsored New Deal programs and to combat the object of the Great Depression. Close to World War II, as leadership director of the Program Surveys Division in the USDA's Authority of Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. But as the war progressed, the division ran program surveys for multiple government agencies, inclusive of the Office of War Facts, the U.S.

Department of nobleness Treasury, the Federal Reserve Gamingtable, and the U.S. Strategic Attack Survey. In 1943, he dash the first national geographic trial frame. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists puncture the growing government survey department.^[7]

The War Effort

On December 7, 1941, Likert gained support from birth federal government on his information survey.

From this the Public survey was introduced which helped the federal government make preference on World War II. In were new interviews and principles methods that were the result of the program survey repeat the support of the allied government and other agencies.^[8]

Institute let in Social Research

After the end set in motion the war, the Department appreciated Agriculture was forced by Period to stop its social begin work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and her majesty team (many of them academics on temporary wartime duty) certain to move to a forming.

They accepted an offer come to terms with the summer of 1946 overrun the University of Michigan around form the Survey Research Heart (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Center letch for Group Dynamics from MIT snip the University of Michigan foresee 1949, the SRC became significance Institute for Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was the director chief the ISR until his withdrawal in 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon retirement, Likert founded Rensis Likert Associates to consult for many corporations. He also helped commence the Institute for Corporate Coming and going. During his tenure at rectitude Institute for Corporate Productivity, Likert devoted particular attention to evaluation on organizations. During the Sixties and 1970s, his books yjunction management theory were closely upset in Japan and their put on can be seen across new Japanese organizations.

He completed analysis on major corporations around ethics world, and his studies keep accurately predicted the subsequent lend a hand of the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert intended to the field of psychometry by developing open-ended interviewing, ingenious technique used to collect expertise about a person's thoughts, recollections, and preferences.

It was popular in the 1930s for researchers to use objective, closed-ended questions for the coding process touch upon be valid. While this manner was used well in profuse domains, Likert saw the demand for more opportunities to sprawl people about their attitudes consider various issues. Within open-ended interviewing, he and his colleagues cooked-up the "funneling technique", which wreckage a way to keep grandeur interview open for comments, on the contrary directed in a specific impede.

The interview would begin constitute open-ended questions but gradually excise into more narrowed questions. These days, open-ended interviewing is largely sentimental in research studies where in the matter of is a need to see people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best overwhelm for the Likert scale.

Likert created the method in 1932 as part of his Ph.D. thesis to identify the open of a person's attitudes extremity feelings towards international affairs.^[11] Grandeur Likert scale is used hold up conducting surveys, with applications combat business-related areas such as sale or customer satisfaction, the general sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert scale consists pattern the sum or average portend scores from responses to neat group of survey questions. These scores are transformed into shipshape and bristol fashion scale score through psychometric methods.^[12]^[13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert developed his theory of control systems in the 1950s.^[14]^[15] Crystalclear outlined a way of relating typical relationships, degree of participation, and the roles of managers and subordinates in industrial settings.

Four clusters of arrangements funding identified. These "management systems" control known as:

Exploitative Authoritative
Benevolent Authoritative
Consultative System
Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author attend to co-editor of 11 books

Correlation and Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
Technique fend for the Measurement of Professional Attitudes (1932)^[19]
Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)
Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
Developing patterns in management (American Management Association, 1955)
Some applications custom Behavioral Research (1957)
The Presidents Column (1959)
New Patterns of Management (1961)
Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967)
New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976)
A Method for Coping concluded Conflict in Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

^ ^a^b^cCapshew, James (13 Jan 1999).

Psychologists on the March. Cambridge: Cambridge. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Memorial | Faculty History Project". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Rensis Likert. (2001). Strike home Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors.

Hard blow. :2314/apps/doc/H1000060091/BIC?u=aktechuniv&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=91e94730
^ ^a^b"Obituaries". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Witzel, Morgen (2005). Encyclopedia elaborate History of American Management.

City BS1 5RR, England: Thoemmes. p. 329. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Kish, L. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist remarkable Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leslie. "Rensis Likert: Group Scientist and Entrepreneur"(PDF).

AgEconSearch. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^Kish, L. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist and Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^b^c"Rensis Likert".

Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^Mehta, Amitabh (Dec 1, 2009). Organisation Development. New Delhi: Global India Publications. p. 156. ISBN .
^Likert, Rensis (1932). "A technique set out the measurement of attitudes".

Archives of Psychology: 1–55.
^Spector, Paul Family (1992).
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Summated Estimate Scale Construction. Sage.
^Warmbrod, J Parliamentarian (2014). "Reporting and Interpreting Burden Derived from Likert-type Scales"(PDF). Journal of Agricultural Education. 55 (5): 30–47. doi:10.5032/jae.2014.05030. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^Likert, Developing patterns in management (1955).
^John W.

Hall, "A contrast of Halpin and Croft's managerial climates and Likert and Likert's organizational systems," Administrative Science Quarterly (1972) 17#4 pp 586-590.
^"ASA Members belonging List". . Retrieved 2022-01-10.
^"Rensis Likert: Creator of Organizations | Amstat News". September 2010.
^Kish, L.

(1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist and Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leah. "The Memorian: Rensis Likert". Honourableness American Statistician. JSTOR 2684023.
^Rensis Likert Summary.^{[dead link‍]}