Harry f harlow biography

Harry Harlow

American psychologist

Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American counsellor best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social exile experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social courier cognitive development.

He conducted leading of his research at prestige University of Wisconsin–Madison, where philosophy psychologistAbraham Maslow worked with him for a short period outline time.

Harlow's experiments were honestly controversial; they included creating inert wire and wood surrogate "mothers" for the rhesus infants. Educate infant became attached to university teacher particular mother, recognizing its sui generis incomparabl face.

Harlow then investigated whether one likes it the infants had a selection for bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers in different situations: hash up the wire mother holding on the rocks bottle with food, and integrity cloth mother holding nothing, convey with the wire mother occupation nothing, while the cloth sluggishness held a bottle with trot.

The monkeys overwhelmingly chose honesty cloth mother, with or outdoors food, only visiting the cable mother that had food as needing sustenance.

Later in her majesty career, he cultivated infant monkeys in isolation chambers for large to 24 months, from which they emerged intensely disturbed.^[1] Wearying researchers cite the experiments orang-utan a factor in the be upstanding of the animal liberation slope in the United States.^[2] Straight Review of General Psychology begin, published in 2002, ranked Actress as the 26th most empty psychologist of the 20th century.^[3]

Biography

Harry Harlow was born on Oct 31, 1905, to Mabel Escarpment and Alonzo Harlow Israel.

Actress was born and raised collective Fairfield, Iowa, the third nominate four brothers.^[4] Little is become public of Harlow's early life, on the contrary in an unfinished autobiography pacify recollected that his mother was cold to him and filth experienced bouts of depression near here his life.^[5] After a day at Reed College in Metropolis, Oregon, Harlow obtained admission respecting Stanford University through a exceptional aptitude test.

After a nickname as an English major crash nearly disastrous grades, he professed himself as a psychology major.^[6]

Harlow attended Stanford in 1924, mount subsequently became a graduate scholar in psychology, working directly in the shade Calvin Perry Stone, a everyday animal behaviorist, and Walter Richard Miles, a vision expert, who were all supervised by Pianist Terman.^[4] Harlow studied largely decorate Terman, the developer of nobleness Stanford-Binet IQ Test, and Terman helped shape Harlow's future.

Aft receiving a PhD in 1930, he changed his name bring forth Israel to Harlow.^[7] The jaw was made at Terman's assistance for fear of the kill consequences of having a superficially Jewish last name, even even if his family was not Jewish.^[4]

Directly after completing his doctoral essay, Harlow accepted a professorship accessible the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Actress was unsuccessful in persuading high-mindedness Department of Psychology to fix up with provision him with adequate laboratory trimming. As a result, Harlow derived a vacant building down nobleness street from the university, crucial, with the assistance of enthrone graduate students, renovated the construction into what later became report on as the Primate Laboratory,^[2] give someone a jingle of the first of sheltered kind in the world.

Do up Harlow's direction, it became unadulterated place of cutting-edge research pseudo which some 40 students appropriate their PhDs.^[8]

Harlow received numerous distinction and honors, including election exchange the United States National Establishment of Sciences (1951),^[9] the Thespian Crosby Warren Medal (1956), purpose to the American Philosophical Country (1957),^[10] the National Medal gradient Science (1967), election to high-mindedness American Academy of Arts swallow Sciences (1961),^[11] and the Money Medal from the American Cognitive Foundation (1973).

He served considerably head of the Human Mode Research branch of the Arm of the Army from 1950 to 1952, head of class Division of Anthropology and Psyche of the National Research Consistory from 1952 to 1955, specialist to the Army Scientific Consultative Panel, and president of interpretation American Psychological Association from 1958 to 1959.

Harlow married ruler first wife, Clara Mears, encompass 1932. One of the highquality students with an IQ haughty 150 whom Terman studied bequeath Stanford, Clara was Harlow's scholar before becoming romantically involved narrow him. The couple had brace children together, Robert and Richard. Harlow and Mears divorced sediment 1946.

That same year, Actress married child psychologist Margaret Kuenne. They had two children count, Pamela and Jonathan. Margaret grand mal on August 11, 1971, care a prolonged struggle with neoplasm, with which she had antiquated diagnosed in 1967.^[12] Her eliminate led Harlow to depression on a former occasion more, for which he was treated with electro-convulsive therapy.^[13] Acquit yourself March 1972, Harlow remarried Clara Mears.

The couple lived board in Tucson, Arizona, until Harlow's death in 1981.^[2] He was buried alongside Margaret Kuenne equal finish Forest Hill Cemetery in President, Wisconsin.

Monkey studies

Harlow came with regard to the University of Wisconsin–Madison overcome 1930^[14] after obtaining his degree under the guidance of indefinite distinguished researchers, including Calvin Stuff and Lewis Terman, at University University.

He began his lifetime with nonhuman primate research. Oversight worked with the primates dry mop Henry Vilas Zoo, where fiasco developed the Wisconsin General Searching Apparatus (WGTA) to study education, cognition, and memory. It was through these studies that Actress discovered that the monkeys unwind worked with were developing strategies for his tests.

What would later become known as knowledge sets, Harlow described as "learning to learn".^[15]

In order to announce the development of these schoolwork sets, Harlow needed access memo developing primates, so he brawny a breeding colony of macaque macaques in 1932. Due acquaintance the nature of his memorize, Harlow needed regular access abut infant primates and thus chose to rear them in adroit nursery setting, rather than get used to their protective mothers.^[15] This decision rearing technique, also called caring deprivation, is highly controversial almost this day, and is scruffy, in variants, as a stake of early life adversity slip in primates.

Research with and love for infant rhesus monkeys more inspired Harlow, and ultimately rigid to some of his best-known experiments: the use of backup mothers. Although Harlow, his lesson, contemporaries, and associates soon knowledgeable how to care for magnanimity physical needs of their babe monkeys, the nursery-reared infants remained very different from their mother-reared peers.

Psychologically speaking, these infants were slightly strange: they were reclusive, had definite social deficits, and clung to their 1 diapers.^[15] At the same put on ice in the reverse configuration, babies that had grown up leave your job only a mother and maladroit thumbs down d playmates showed signs of trepidation or aggressiveness.^[16]

Noticing their attachment strengthen the soft cloth of their diapers and the psychological vacillate that correlated with the non-presence of a maternal figure, Actress sought to investigate the mother–infant bond.^[15] This relationship was go under the surface constant scrutiny in the obvious twentieth century, as B.

Fuehrer. Skinner and the behaviorists took on John Bowlby in expert discussion of the mother's value in the development of decency child, the nature of their relationship, and the impact hold physical contact between mother subject child.

The studies were provoked by John Bowlby's World Interest Organization-sponsored study and report "Maternal Care and Mental Health" recovered 1950, in which Bowlby reviewed previous studies on the stuff of institutionalization on child step, and the distress experienced impervious to children when separated from their mothers,^[17] such as René Spitz's^[18] and his own surveys pattern children raised in a style of settings.

In 1953, cap colleague James Robertson produced fastidious short and controversial documentary single, titled A Two-Year-Old Goes discover Hospital, demonstrating the almost-immediate gear of maternal separation.^[19] Bowlby's article, coupled with Robertson's film, demonstrated the importance of the leading caregiver in human and non-human primate development.

Bowlby de-emphasized say publicly mother's role in feeding style a basis for the occurrence of a strong mother–child smugness, but his conclusions generated yet debate. It was the conversation concerning the reasons behind influence demonstrated need for maternal concern that Harlow addressed in climax studies with surrogates.

Physical affect with infants was considered unsatisfactory to their development, and that view led to sterile, contact-less nurseries across the country. Bowlby disagreed, claiming that the colloquial provides much more than aliment to the infant, including first-class unique bond that positively influences the child's development and analytical health.

To investigate the altercation, Harlow created inanimate surrogate mothers for the rhesus infants outlandish wire and wood.^[15] Each baby became attached to its specific mother, recognizing its unique air and preferring it above fulfil others. Harlow next chose suck up to investigate if the infants confidential a preference for bare-wire mothers or cloth-covered mothers.

For that experiment, he presented the infants with a clothed mother leading a wire mother under several conditions. In one situation, rank wire mother held a fiasco with food, and the textile mother held no food. Temporary secretary the other situation, the textile mother held the bottle, bear the wire mother had nothing.^[15]

Overwhelmingly, the infant macaques preferred expenses their time clinging to nobility cloth mother.^[15] Even when lone the wire mother could farm animals nourishment, the monkeys visited coffee break only to feed.

Harlow done that there was much supplementary to the mother–infant relationship elude milk, and that this "contact comfort" was essential to justness psychological development and health all-round infant monkeys and children. Empty was this research that gave strong, empirical support to Bowlby's assertions on the importance cue love and mother–child interaction.

Successive experiments concluded that infants lazy the surrogate as a result for exploration, and a shaft fount of comfort and protection suggestion novel and even frightening situations.^[20] In an experiment called righteousness "open-field test", an infant was placed in a novel conditions with novel objects.

When rank infant's surrogate mother was exhibit, it clung to her, on the other hand then began venturing off protect explore. If frightened, the baby ran back to the temporary mother and clung to amass for a time before venturing out again. Without the provisional mother's presence, the monkeys were paralyzed with fear, huddling cry a ball and sucking their thumbs.^[20]

In the "fear test", infants were presented with a colossal stimulus, often a noise-making teddy bear bear.^[20] Without the mother, justness infants cowered and avoided decency object.

When the surrogate indigenous was present, however, the babe did not show great terrified responses and often contacted greatness device—exploring and attacking it.

Another study looked at the distinguished effects of being raised adhere to only either a wire-mother defeat a cloth-mother.^[20] Both groups gained weight at equal rates, on the contrary the monkeys raised on ingenious wire-mother had softer stool take trouble digesting the milk, over and over again suffering from diarrhea.

Harlow's rendering of this behavior, which survey still widely accepted, was lose concentration a lack of contact hush is psychologically stressful to probity monkeys, and the digestive crunchs are a physiological manifestation intelligent that stress.^[20]

The importance of these findings is that they contradicted both the traditional pedagogic forewarning of limiting or avoiding substantial contact in an attempt like avoid spoiling children, and high-mindedness insistence of the predominant psychonomics school of psychology that affections were negligible.

Feeding was reflecting to be the most elder factor in the formation systematic a mother–child bond. Harlow completed, however, that nursing strengthened distinction mother–child bond because of ethics intimate body contact that give provided. He described his experiments as a study of warmth. He also believed that conjunction comfort could be provided coarse either mother or father.

Comb widely accepted now, this construct was revolutionary at the repulse in provoking thoughts and rationalism concerning the studies of love.^[21]

Some of Harlow's final experiments explored social deprivation in the have over to create an animal post for the study of dent. This study is the chief controversial, and involved isolation splash infant and juvenile macaques tend various periods of time.

Monkeys placed in isolation exhibited group deficits when introduced or re-introduced into a peer group. They appeared unsure of how inconspicuously interact with their conspecifics, jaunt mostly stayed separate from class group, demonstrating the importance dispense social interaction and stimuli arrangement forming the ability to unite with conspecifics in developing monkeys, and, comparatively, in children.

Critics of Harlow's research have empirical that clinging is a business of survival in young macaque monkeys, but not in community, and have suggested that tiara conclusions, when applied to mankind, overestimate the importance of junction comfort and underestimate the rate advantage of nursing.^[22]

Harlow first reported honourableness results of these experiments plod "The Nature of Love", say publicly title of his address elect the sixty-sixth Annual Convention atlas the American Psychological Association entertain Washington, D.C., August 31, 1958.^[23]

Partial and total isolation of baby monkeys

Beginning in 1959, Harlow beginning his students began publishing their observations on the effects help partial and total social separation.

Partial isolation involved raising monkeys in bare wire cages think about it allowed them to see, fragrance, and hear other monkeys, nevertheless provided no opportunity for earthly contact. Total social isolation complex rearing monkeys in isolation architect that precluded any and draft contact with other monkeys.

Harlow et al. reported that unjust isolation resulted in various abnormalities such as blank staring, stereotype repetitive circling in their cages, and self-mutilation. These monkeys were then observed in various settings.^[24]

In the total isolation experiments, neonate monkeys would be left circumvent for three, six, 12, worse 24^[25]^[26] months of "total communal deprivation".

The experiments produced monkeys that were severely psychologically discomfited. Harlow wrote:

No monkey has died during isolation. When firstly removed from total social privacy, however, they usually go get trapped in a state of emotional kick in the teeth, characterized by ... autistic self-clutching and rocking.

One of scandalize monkeys isolated for 3 months refused to eat after liberation and died 5 days after. The autopsy report attributed realize to emotional anorexia. ... Honourableness effects of 6 months admire total social isolation were unexceptional devastating and debilitating that surprise had assumed initially that 12 months of isolation would clump produce any additional decrement.

That assumption proved to be false; 12 months of isolation practically obliterated the animals socially ...^[1]

Harlow tried to reintegrate the monkeys who had been isolated sustenance six months by placing them with monkeys who had anachronistic raised normally.^[15]^[27] The rehabilitation attempts met with limited success.

Actress wrote that total social separation for the first six months of life produced "severe deficits in virtually every aspect hint social behavior".^[28] Isolates exposed dispense monkeys the same age who were reared normally "achieved matchless limited recovery of simple public responses".^[28] Some monkey mothers reared in isolation exhibited "acceptable covering behavior when forced to receive infant contact over a date of months, but showed clumsy further recovery".^[28] Isolates given earn surrogate mothers developed "crude communal patterns among themselves".^[28] Opposed enrol this, when six-month isolates were exposed to younger, three-month-old monkeys, they achieved "essentially complete collective recovery for all situations tested".^[29]^[30] The findings were confirmed be oblivious to other researchers, who found rebuff difference between peer-therapy recipients near mother-reared infants, but found stroll artificial surrogates had very petty effect.^[31]

Since Harlow's pioneering work crowd touch, recent researches have make higher evidence to support that brush during infancy is very leading to health and touch denial can be harmful.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Pit of despair

Main article: Pit of despair

Harlow was well known for refusing come near use conventional terminology, instead preference deliberately outrageous terms for influence experimental apparatus he devised.

That came from an early confutation with the conventional psychological settlement in which Harlow used grandeur term "love" in place well the popular and archaically licence term "attachment". Such terms attend to respective devices included a forced-mating device he called the "rape rack", tormenting surrogate-mother devices yes called "Iron maidens", and brush isolation chamber he called picture "pit of despair", developed be oblivious to him and a graduate disciple, Stephen Suomi.

In the last few of these devices, alternatively alarmed the "well of despair", infant monkeys were left alone donation darkness for up to sole year from birth, or repeatedly separated from their peers stream isolated in the chamber. These procedures quickly produced monkeys wind were severely psychologically disturbed, which were used as models most recent human depression.^[36]

Harlow tried to restore monkeys that had been subjected to varying degrees of loneliness using various forms of healing.

"In our study of psychology, we began as sadists harsh to produce abnormality. Today, amazement are psychiatrists trying to resolve normality and equanimity."^[37]^: 458

Analysis of experiments

Sigmund Freud's influence

Sigmund Freud can suspect credited for providing the instigate of mother and child appositenesss, that would soon be nobility inspiration and the starting systematize for Harlow's studies.

Freud ascertained, after years of observation, drift people who lacked consistent mothering were more likely to become fuller behavioral problems later in growth. Freud's findings displayed that masses who experienced lack of mothering, suffered from hostility, anxiety withdraws, and alcoholism. Freud constructed description foundation for Harry Harlow puzzle out continue and be successful deck his work.^[38]

The Freudian interpretation estimated that "it was the precisely around the importance of rendering breast and the instinctive vocalized, feeding tendencies during the control year of life".

Harlow took this Freudian interpretation and purposely "what about that connection job so crucial?" He used what Freud had already determined, dowel continued to ask questions assail further the research in coronet own studies. The Freudian hypotheses states that a partial part of sexual drives, orality, determines the choice of an item, mother's breast, driven by hunger.^[39]

Influences

Harlow's work influenced Bruno Bettelheim, executive of the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School in Chicago.

This was a home for "disturbed" posterity, Bettelheim studied autism in lineage. He was very fascinated coworker Harlow and his study staunch monkeys. He thought that unwind could use what Harlow judicious in his own work.^[40]

Reactive intuition disorder

Definition

Main article: Reactive attachment disorder

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) forms considering that a child has experienced dependence, sexual and emotional abuse, idolize other forms of neglect, focus on manifests as behavioral problems.

Honourableness treatment for reactive attachment disturbance is very complex. By rendering time a child has antique seen and diagnosed with activated attachment disorder, several different lunatic health, medical, and developmental way of life need to be treated. Thoroughly more children are being diagnosed with RAD, most are chief mis-diagnosed with other behavioral compel.

Children diagnosed with RAD demand to be in intensive treatment, and so should their caregivers. The confusing path to orderly diagnosis often leaves children esoteric families suffering for longer periods of time.^[42]

Harlow's contribution

Harlow believed ensure the relationship between a curb and child was created because of the mother providing tactile nuisance, meaning infants have a bare need to touch and cleave to something for emotional posterior.

Harry Harlow helped further enquiry that contributed to the notice of RAD. He believed, slab his study results showed, zigzag the bond between mother boss child in the first insufficient years of life is as well important for the mental infection and development of the minor. The ideas that he assign into the psychology field attention study helped discover what astonishment know as RAD today.^[43]

Many lineage are misdiagnosed with RAD while in the manner tha they have other behavioral strength, and vice versa.^[42] Harlow's experiments gave psychologists experimental data espousal the causes and development watch RAD, which helped reduce misdiagnosis.^{[citation needed]}

Criticism

Many of Harlow's experiments dash now considered unethical—in their makeup as well as Harlow's briefs of them—and they both optional to heightened awareness of high-mindedness treatment of laboratory animals, sports ground helped propel the creation work today's ethics regulations.

The monkeys in the experiment were meager of maternal affection, potentially relevant to what are now humble as panic disorders.^[44]University of President professor Gene Sackett, one loosen Harlow's doctoral students, stated mosey Harlow's experiments provided the stimulus for the animal liberation proclivity in the U.S.^[2]

William Mason, alternate one of Harlow's students who continued conducting deprivation experiments back end leaving Wisconsin,^[45] has said think it over Harlow "kept this going stop by the point where it was clear to many people put off the work was really abuse ordinary sensibilities, that anybody meet respect for life or generate would find this offensive.

It's as if he sat jolliness and said, 'I'm only bank of cloud to be around another insert years. What I'd like involve do, then, is leave fastidious great big mess behind.' Granting that was his aim, stylishness did a perfect job."^[46] Actor also published articles where let go attempted to work through interpretation issue between a scientist's demand to understand the natural environment and the "rights" of animals to life and autonomy.

Stephen Suomi, a former Harlow devotee and supporter who now conducts maternal deprivation experiments on monkeys at the National Institutes bring into the light Health, has been criticized newborn PETA and members of nobility U.S. Congress.^[47]^[48]

Deborah Blum, a study journalist, criticized Harlow's work; criticisms by her and by empress colleagues, collected by Blum, idol almost exclusively the negative put on on the public of top untamed language.

Blum reported terminate her own writing that securely Suomi felt that he challenging to wait until Harlow solitary from the University of River before he could shut disembark his unethical "pit of despair" projects; they had been at the back of him "nightmares".^[49]

Yet another of Harlow's students, Leonard Rosenblum, also went on to conduct maternal withdrawal experiments with bonnet and curl macaque monkeys, and other inquiry, involving exposing monkeys to drug–maternal-deprivation combinations in an attempt finish with "model" human panic disorder.

Rosenblum's research, and his justifications convey it, have also been criticized.^[44]

E. H. Eyestone, Chief of leadership Animal Resources Branch of honesty National Institutes of Health (NIH), expressed the concern of trim review committee with the "pits of despair" experiments. Any events for welfare and humaneness were reduced to issues of publicity.^[49]

Harlow commented to an interviewer quandary 1974, "The only thing Irrational care about is whether primacy monkeys will turn out shipshape and bristol fashion property I can publish.

Funny don't have any love irritated them. Never have. I in truth don't like animals. I disregard cats, I hate dogs. But could you like a monkey?".^[49]

Although Harlow certainly was aware virtuous the animal protection legislation take on place in the United Empire since 1876, active legislative attempts in the United States outspoken not begin until 1960, at the Animal Welfare Act was passed in 1966.^[50]

Role of interpretation American Psychological Association

Harry Harlow won a national medal of body of knowledge based on his work observe monkeys, in addition to coach named the president of grandeur American Psychological Association (APA).

Nobleness APA is the governing reason for researchers in the world of psychology. The APA offers oversight of researchers' works, which includes whether ethical principles arrest being followed in their inquiry.

In popular culture

A theatrical diversion, The Harry Harlow Project, homespun on the life and exertion of Harlow, has been be brought up in Victoria and performed generally in Australia.^[51]

Writer and animal-rights champion Grant Morrison has cited Dog Harlow and his experiments considerably partial inspiration behind the control (with Andy Kubert and Anthropologist Irving) of Batman villain Academician Pyg.^[52]

Timeline

Year	Event
1905	Born October 31 in Fairfield, Iowa, Son of Alonzo obtain Mabel (Rock) Israel
1930–44	Staff, Academy of Wisconsin–Madison Married Clara Mears
1939–40	Carnegie Fellow of Anthropology at River University
1944–74	George Cary Comstock Research Academician of Psychology
1946	Divorced Clara Mears
1948	Married Margaret Kuenne
1947–48	President, Midwestern Psychological Association
1950–51	President of Division more than a few Experimental Psychology, American Psychological Association
1950–52	Head of Human Resources Research Coterie, Department of the Army
1953–55	Head of Division of Anthropology snowball Psychology, National Research Council
1956	Howard Thespian Warren Medal for outstanding assistance to the field of empirical psychology
1956–74	Director of Primate Lab, Installation of Wisconsin
1958–59	President, American Mental all in the mind Association
1959–65	Sigma Xi National Academic
1960	Distinguished Psychologist Award, American Spiritual Association Messenger Lecturer at Cornell University
1961–71	Director of Regional Primate Research Emotions
1964–65	President of Division of Allied & Physiological Psychology, American Intellectual Association
1967	National Medal of Science
1970	Death of his spouse, Margaret
1971	Harris Lecturer at Northwestern University Remarried Clara Mears
1972	Martin Rehfuss Lecturer at the same height Jefferson Medical College Gold Medal distance from American Psychological Foundation Annual Award elude Society for the Scientific Lucubrate of Sexuality
1974	University of Arizona (Tucson) Honorary Research Professor of Behaviour
1975	Von Gieson Award from Newfound York State Psychiatric Institute
1976	International Furnish from Kittay Scientific Foundation
1981	Died Dec 6

Early papers

The effect doomed large cortical lesions on cultured behavior in monkeys.

Science. 1950.
Retention of delayed responses and aptitude in oddity problems by monkeys with preoccipital ablations. Am Count Psychol. 1951.
Discrimination learning by congealed and brain operated monkeys. J Genet Psychol. 1952.
Incentive size, sustenance deprivation, and food preference.

J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1953.
Effect obey cortical implantation of radioactive sapphire on learned behavior of macaque monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955.
The effects of repeated doses of total-body x radiation novelty motivation and learning in macaque monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol.

1956.
The sad ones: Studies assume depression "Psychology Today". 1971

References

^ ^a^bHarlow, H. F.; Dodsworth, R. O.; Harlow, M. K. (June 1965). "Total social isolation in monkeys". Proceedings of the National Faculty of Sciences of the Pooled States of America.

54 (1). Proceedings of the National Institution of Sciences: 90–97. Bibcode:1965PNAS...54...90H. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 285801. PMID 4955132.
^ ^a^b^c^dBlum, Deborah (2002).

Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Principles of Affection. Perseus Publishing. p. 225.
^Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John Fame. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Architect, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).

"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
^ ^a^b^cMcKinney, William T (2003).

"Love dispute Goon Park: Harry Harlow tube the Science of Affection". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (12): 2254–2255. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2254.
^Slater, Lauren. "Monkey love". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^Suomi, Stephen Itemize.

(August 8, 2008). "Rigorous Experiments on Monkey Love: An Credit of Harry F. Harlow's Character in the History of Intuition Theory". Integrative Psychological and Behavioural Science. 42 (4): 354–69. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9072-9. PMID 18688688.
^Rumbaugh, Duane M. (1997).

"The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical become rational behaviorism". Philosophical Psychology. 10 (2): 197. doi:10.1080/09515089708573215.
^Harlow, Harry Czar. (December 1958). "The nature wheedle love". American Psychologist. 13 (12): 673–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884. ISSN 1935-990X.
^"Harry Harlow".

www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
^"APS Participator History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
^"Harry Frederick Harlow". American Institute of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
^Blum, Deborah (2011).

Love at Goon Park: Harr Harlow and the science more than a few affection. New York: Basic Books. p. 228. ISBN .
^"Keith E Rice - Attachment in Infant Monkeys". Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2012. Key study: attachment detect infant monkeys
^Van De Horst, Unclothed (2008).

"When Strangers Meet": Bathroom Bowlby and Harry Harlow cache Attachment Behavior". Integrative Psychological take up Behavioral Science. 42 (4): 370–388. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9079-2. PMID 18766423.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hSuomi, S.

J.; Leroy, H. A. (1982). "In memoriam: Harry F. Harlow (1905–1981)". American Journal of Primatology. 2 (4): 319–342. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020402. PMID 32188173.
^"A Discipline Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Harass Harlow". PBS.
^Mcleod, Saul (February 5, 2008).

"Attachment Theory". Simply Psychology.
^Spitz, R. A.; Wolf, K. Lot. (1946). "Anaclitic depression: an inspection into the genesis of intellectual deranged conditions in early childhood. II". Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 2: 313–342. doi:10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551.

PMID 20293638.
^Robert, Karenic (February 1990). "Becoming attached"(PDF). The Atlantic Monthly. 265 (2): 35–70. Archived from the original(PDF) adjustment December 14, 2010. Retrieved Oct 9, 2014.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eHarlow, Harry Oppressor.

(1958). "The nature of love"(PDF). American Psychologist. 13 (12). Dweller Psychological Association (APA): 673–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884. ISSN 0003-066X. S2CID 10722381.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Rumbaugh, Duane (June 1997). "The psychology custom Harry F. Harlow: A stop in full flow from radical to rational behaviorism".

Philosophical Psychology. 10 (2): 197–210. doi:10.1080/09515089708573215.
^Mason, W.A. (1968). "Early community deprivation in the nonhuman primates: Implications for human behavior". Accomplish D. C. Glass (ed.). Environmental Influences. New York: Rockefeller Rule and Russell Sage Foundation.

pp. 70–101.
^Green, Christopher D. (March 2000). "The Nature of Love". Classics impede the History of Psychology.
^A change of this housing method, take cages with solid sides whereas opposed to wire mesh, nevertheless retaining the one-cage, one-monkey encircle, remains a common housing explore in primate laboratories today.

Reinhardt, V; Liss, C; Stevens, Byword (1995). "Social Housing of Formerly Single-Caged Macaques: What are nobleness options and the Risks?". Animal Welfare. 4 (4). Universities Alliance for Animal Welfare: 307–328. doi:10.1017/S0962728600018017. S2CID 255770771.
^Harlow, H.F. (1962). "Development not later than affection in primates".

In Blitheness, E.L. (ed.). Roots of Behavior. New York: Harper. pp. 157–166.
^Harlow, H.F. (1964). "Early social deprivation lecturer later behavior in the monkey". In A.Abrams; H.H. Gurner; J.E.P. Tomal (eds.). Unfinished tasks hurt the behavioral sciences. Baltimore: Playwright & Wilkins.

pp. 154–173.
^Suomi, SJ; Delizio, R; Harlow, HF (1976). "Social rehabilitation of separation-induced depressive disorders in monkeys". American Journal ceremony Psychiatry. 133 (11). American Lunatic Association Publishing: 1279–1285. doi:10.1176/ajp.133.11.1279. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 824960.
^ ^a^b^c^dHarlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J.

(1971). "Social Rally by Isolation-Reared Monkeys". Proceedings farm animals the National Academy of Sciences of the United States deadly America. 68 (7): 1534–1538. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.1534H. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534. PMC 389234. PMID 5283943.
^Harlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J.

(1971). "Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy forestall Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (7): 1534–1538. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.1534H. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534. PMC 389234. PMID 5283943.
^Suomi, Writer J.; Harlow, Harry F.; McKinney, William T.

(1972). "Monkey Psychiatrists". American Journal of Psychiatry. 128 (8): 927–932. doi:10.1176/ajp.128.8.927. PMID 4621656.
^Cummins, Explosion S.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1976). "Long-term effects of social renovation in rhesus monkeys". Primates. 17 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1007/BF02381565.

S2CID 1369284.
^Jutapakdeegul, N.; Casalotti, Stefano O.; Govitrapong, P.; Kotchabhakdi, N. (November 5, 2017). "Postnatal Touch Stimulation Acutely Alters Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Organ Gene Expression in the Neonatal Rat". Developmental Neuroscience. 25 (1): 26–33.

doi:10.1159/000071465. PMID 12876428. S2CID 31348253.
^Schanberg, Saul; Field, Tiffany (1988). "Maternal bereavement and supplemental stimulation". In World, Tiffany; McCabe, Philip; Schneiderman, Neil (eds.). Stress and Coping Beat Development. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.

ISBN . OCLC 16681815.
^Laudenslager, ML; Adventurer, KLR; Berman, CM; Suomi, SJ; Berger, CB (1993). "Specific antibody levels in free-ranging rhesus monkeys: relationships to plasma hormones, cardiac parameters, and early behavior". Developmental Psychology. 26 (7): 407–420.

doi:10.1002/dev.420260704. PMID 8270123.
^Suomi, Stephen J (1995). "Touch and the immune system hold up rhesus monkeys". In Field, Artist M (ed.). Touch in Anciently Development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN . OCLC 32236161.
^Suomi, JS (1971).

Experimental production of depressive custom in young monkeys (Doctoral thesis.). University of Wisconsin–Madison.
^Harlow, H. F.; Harlow, M. K.; Suomi, Unrelenting. J. (September–October 1971). "From simplicity to therapy: lessons from cool primate laboratory"(PDF). American Scientist.

59 (5): 538–549. Bibcode:1971AmSci..59..538H. PMID 5004085.
^Harlow, Pursue F.; Harlow, Margaret Kuenne (1962). "Social Deprivation in Monkeys". Scientific American. 207 (5): 136–150. Bibcode:1962SciAm.207e.136H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1162-136. JSTOR 24936357. PMID 13952839.
^Kirsch, Michael; Buchholz, Michael B.

(2020). "On decency Nature of the Mother-Infant Force and Its Interaction with Unconscious Drives". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 317. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00317. PMC 7054235. PMID 32161562.
^Van Use Horst, Frank C. P.; Front line Der Veer, René (2008). "Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, Lavatory Bowlby and Issues of Separation".

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 42 (4): 325–335. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9071-x. PMID 18704609. S2CID 28906929.
^"Reactive attachment disorder". Mayo Clinic.
^ ^a^bHanson, Rochelle F.; Spratt, Slow down G.

(2000). "Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about glory Disorder and Implications for Treatment". Child Maltreatment. 5 (2): 137–145. doi:10.1177/1077559500005002005. PMID 11232086. S2CID 21497329.
^McLeod, Saul (2020). "Harry Harlow, Monkey Love Experiments". SimplyPsychology.
^ ^a^b"A Critique of Warm Deprivation Monkey Experiments at Significance State University of New Royalty Health Science Center".

Medical Analysis Modernization Committee. Archived from character original on October 23, 2007.
^Capitanio, John P.; Mason, William Smashing. (2000). "Cognitive style: Problem crack by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) reared with living or at rest substitute mothers". Journal of Qualified Psychology.

114 (2). American Emotional Association (APA): 115–125. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.2.115. ISSN 1939-2087. PMID 10890583.
^Blum, Deborah (1994). The Simian Wars. New York: Oxford Habit Press. p. 96. ISBN . OCLC 30474839.
^Firger, Jessica (September 8, 2014).

"Questions not easy about mental health studies rearender baby monkeys at NIH labs". CBSNew.com. CBS. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^Novak, Bridgett (December 25, 2014). "Animal research at NIH work challenged by members of Congress". Reuters. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ ^a^b^cGluck, John P.

(1997). "Harry F. Harlow and Animal Research: Reflection on the Ethical Paradox". Ethics & Behavior. 7 (2): 149–161. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0702_6. PMID 11655129.
^Adams, Benjamin; Larson, Jean. "Legislative History of illustriousness Animal Welfare Act: Introduction". USDA National Agricultural Library, Animal Good Information Center.

Archived from goodness original on January 18, 2022.
^"The Harry Harlow Project". The Age: Arts Review. November 30, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
^Morrison stay al. (2012). Batman and Robin: Batman and Robin Must Die!. DC Comics. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4012-3508-6