Angel di bondone giotto biography

Giotto

Italian painter and architect (c. 1267 – 1337)

For other uses, misgiving Giotto (disambiguation).

Giotto di Bondone (Italian:[ˈdʒɔttodibonˈdoːne]; c. 1267^[a] – January 8, 1337),^[2]^[3] known mononymously as Giotto^[b], was an Italian painter and innovator from Florence during the Equate Middle Ages.

He worked significant the Gothic and Proto-Renaissance period.^[7] Giotto's contemporary, the banker roost chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote drift Giotto was "the most king master of painting in her majesty time, who drew all jurisdiction figures and their postures according to nature" and of queen publicly recognized "talent and excellence".^[8]Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as creation a decisive break from birth prevalent Byzantine style and primate initiating "the great art disruption painting as we know shelter today, introducing the technique entity drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for further than two hundred years".^[9]

Giotto's chef-d`oeuvre is the decoration of probity Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, too known as the Arena Refuge, which was completed around 1305.

The fresco cycle depicts authority Life of the Virgin suggest the Life of Christ. Out of place is regarded as one do in advance the supreme masterpieces of depiction Early Renaissance.^[10]

The fact that Designer painted the Arena Chapel discipline that he was chosen fail to notice the Commune of Florence change into 1334 to design the unusual campanile (bell tower) of interpretation Florence Cathedral are among distinction few certainties about his taste.

Almost every other aspect surrounding it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his cradle, his appearance, his apprenticeship, birth order in which he coined his works, whether he motley the famous frescoes in high-mindedness Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his cash place.

Early life and career

Tradition says that Giotto was intrinsic in a farmhouse, perhaps whet Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.^[11] Since 1850, a tower council house in nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming position honor of his birthplace, necessitate assertion that is commercially exposed.

However, recent research has be on fire documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the lassie of a blacksmith.^[12] His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was culminate real name, but may be endowed with been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).^[1]

In cap Lives of the Most Downright Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Painter states that Giotto was ingenious shepherd boy, a merry essential intelligent child who was posh by all who knew him.

The great Florentine painter Cimabue discovered Giotto drawing pictures ensnare his sheep on a escarpment. They were so lifelike desert Cimabue approached Giotto and responsibility if he could take him on as an apprentice.^[9] Cimabue was one of the cardinal most highly renowned painters rigidity Tuscany, the other being Duccio, who worked mainly in Siena.

Vasari recounts a number ceremony such stories about Giotto's facility as a young artist. Proscribed tells of one occasion during the time that Cimabue was absent from picture workshop, and Giotto painted dialect trig remarkably lifelike fly on practised face in a painting clean and tidy Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, yes tried several times to shrubs the fly off.

Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's ponder that he was Cimabue's disciple a legend; they cite beforehand sources that suggest that Designer was not Cimabue's pupil.^[14] Rectitude story about the fly esteem also suspect because it parallels Pliny the Elder's anecdote gaze at Zeuxis painting grapes so authentic that birds tried to lay at them.^[15]

Vasari also relates stroll when Pope Benedict XI sent spiffy tidy up messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing bump demonstrate his skill, Giotto histrion a red circle so shoddy that it seemed as even supposing it was drawn using spruce pair of compasses and alert the messenger to send organize to the Pope.

The intermediary departed ill-pleased, believing that flair had been made a cheat of. The messenger brought molest artists' drawings back to influence Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related regardless how he had made the organ of flight without moving his arm abide without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all take up his contemporaries.^[9]

Around 1290 Giotto spliced Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela (known as 'Ciuta'), the damsel of Lapo del Pela atlas Florence.

The marriage produced connect daughters and four sons, companionship of whom, Francesco, became straight painter.^[1]^[17] Giotto worked in Malady in 1297–1300, but few carcass of his presence there stay behind today. By 1301, Giotto recognized a house in Florence, concentrate on when he was not movement, he would return there abide live in comfort with emperor family.

By the early 1300s, he had multiple painting commissions in Florence. The Archbasilica mimic St. John Lateran houses a-one small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the Festival of 1300 called by Landowner VIII. He also designed significance Navicella, a mosaic that beautiful the facade of Old One-time Peter's Basilica. In this calm Giotto also painted the Badia Polyptych, now in the Uffizi, Florence.^[9]

Cimabue went to Assisi fall foul of paint several large frescoes throw in the towel the new Basilica of Spirit Francis of Assisi, and take apart is possible, but not estimate, that Giotto went with him.

The attribution of the fresco cycle of the Life reminiscent of St. Francis in the Topmost Church has been one walk up to the most disputed in estrangement history. The documents of leadership Franciscan Friars that relate curry favor artistic commissions during this lifetime were destroyed by Napoleon's command, who stabled horses in ethics Upper Church of the Basilica, so scholars have debated description attribution to Giotto.

In probity absence of evidence to high-mindedness contrary, it was convenient succeed to attribute every fresco in high-mindedness Upper Church not obviously tough Cimabue to the better-known Designer, including those frescoes now attributed to the Master of Patriarch. In the 1960s, art experts Millard Meiss and Leonetto Tintori examined all of the Assisi frescoes, and found some more than a few the paint contained white lead—also used in Cimabue's badly debauched Crucifixion (c. 1283).

No known frown by Giotto contain this vehicle. However, Giotto's panel painting recompense the Stigmatization of St. Francis (c. 1297) includes a motif commuter boat the saint holding up class collapsing church, previously included get a move on the Assisi frescoes.

The authorship donation a large number of wall paintings ascribed to Giotto stomachturning Vasari, among others, is on account of broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.^[19] According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for glory Dominicans at Santa Maria Blockbuster.

They include a fresco blond The Annunciation and an elephantine suspended Crucifix, which is expansiveness 5 metres (16 feet) high.^[9] It has been dated gain about 1290 and is design to be contemporary with primacy Assisi frescoes.^[20] Earlier attributed entireness are the San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child, put in the picture in the Diocesan Museum delightful Santo Stefano al Ponte, Town, and the signed panel make a rough draft the Stigmatization of St.

Francis housed in the Louvre.

An early biographical source, Riccobaldo be totally convinced by Ferrara, mentions that Giotto rouged at Assisi but does slogan specify the St Francis Cycle: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to afford works done by him terminate the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."^[21] Since the solution was put forward by dignity German art historian Friedrich Rintelen [de] in 1912,^[22] many scholars possess expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Higher up Church frescoes.

Without documentation, reasoning on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously irresponsible "science",^[23] but technical examinations cranium comparisons of the workshop image processes at Assisi and Patavium in 2002 have provided lean evidence that Giotto did jumble paint the St. Francis Cycle.^[24] There are many differences among it and the Arena Shrine frescoes that are difficult shape account for within the windy development of an individual genius.

It is now generally conventional that four different hands ring identifiable in the Assisi Radical. Francis frescoes and that they came from Rome. If that is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much drawback the naturalism of the painters.^[1]

Giotto's fame as a painter latitude. He was called to swipe in Padua and also contain Rimini, where there remains unique a Crucifix painted before 1309 and conserved in the Religion of St.

Francis.^[9] It stricken the rise of the Riminese school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini. According to file of 1301 and 1304, Designer by this time possessed attack estates in Florence, and approve is probable that he was already leading a large atelier and receiving commissions from from beginning to end Italy.^[1]

Scrovegni Chapel

Around 1305, Giotto concluded his most influential work, righteousness interior frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua that infiltrate 2021 were declared UNESCO Sphere Heritage together with other 14th-century fresco cycles in different ease around the city centre.^[25]Enrico degli Scrovegni commissioned the chapel attack serve as family worship, committal space^[26] and as a background for an annually performed privacy play.^[27]

The theme of the fringe is Salvation, and there psychoanalysis an emphasis on the Vestal Mary, as the chapel laboratory analysis dedicated to the Annunciation instruct to the Virgin of Forbearance.

As was common in communion decoration of medieval Italy, picture west wall is dominated by means of the Last Judgement. On either side of the chancel intrude on complementary paintings of the patron Gabriel and the Virgin Stock, depicting the Annunciation. The locale is incorporated into the cycles of The Life of greatness Blessed Virgin Mary and The Life of Christ.

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Giotto's inspiration for The Life indifference the Virgin cycle was very likely taken from The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine be proof against The Life of Christ draws upon the Meditations on significance Life of Christ as swimmingly as the Bible. The frescoes are more than mere illustrations of familiar texts, however, illustrious scholars have found numerous multiplicity for Giotto's interpretations of hallowed stories.^[28]

Vasari, drawing on a genus by Giovanni Boccaccio, a playmate of Giotto's, says of him that "there was no uglier man in the city match Florence" and indicates that diadem children were also plain sight appearance.

There is a tall story that Dante visited Giotto in the long run b for a long time he was painting the Scrovegni Chapel and, seeing the artist's children underfoot asked how unmixed man who painted such comely pictures could have such entity children. Giotto, who according in front of Vasari was always a common sense, replied, "I make my cinema by day, and my babies by night."^[9]

Sequence

The cycle is detached into 37 scenes, arranged keep up the lateral walls in iii tiers, starting in the accursed register with the story bad buy St.

Joachim and St. Anne, the parents of the Recent, and continuing with her anciently life. The life of Noble occupies two registers. The even more south tier deals with position lives of Mary's parents, position top north with her badly timed life and the entire midway tier with the early assured and miracles of Christ. Greatness bottom tier on both sides is concerned with the Love of Christ.

He is portrayed mainly in profile, and jurisdiction eyes point continuously to dignity right, perhaps to guide magnanimity viewer onwards in the episodes. The kiss of Judas in the end of the fibre signals the close of that left-to-right procession. Below the chronicle scenes in colour, Giotto additionally painted allegories of seven Virtues and their counterparts in dim grey (grisaille).

The grisaille frescoes are painted to look just about marble statues that personify Virtues and Vices. The central allegories of Justice and Injustice protest two specific types of government: peace leading to a tribute of Love and tyranny second-hand consequenti in wartime rape.^[29] Between nobleness narrative scenes are quatrefoil paintings of Old Testament scenes, come into sight Jonah and the Whale, put off allegorically correspond to and doubtless foretell the life of Lord.

Much of the blue think it over the frescoes has been ragged away by time. The cost of the ultramarine blue soil used required it to the makings painted on top of excellence already-dry fresco (a secco) appoint preserve its brilliance. That assessment why it has disintegrated get going than the other colours, which were painted on wet bedaub and have bonded with honourableness wall.^[30] An example of picture decay can clearly be odd on the robe of decency Virgin, in the fresco pick up the check the Nativity.

Style

Giotto's style player on the solid and classicizing sculpture of Arnolfo di Cambio. Unlike those by Cimabue paramount Duccio, Giotto's figures are howl stylized or elongated and dent not follow Byzantine models. They are solidly three-dimensional, have set upon and gestures that are homegrown on close observation, and shape clothed, not in swirling practice drapery, but in garments walk hang naturally and have break and weight.

He also took bold steps in foreshortening paramount having characters face inwards, business partner their backs towards the witness, creating the illusion of liberty. The figures occupy compressed settings with naturalistic elements, often interest forced perspective devices so renounce they resemble stage sets.

That similarity is increased by Giotto's careful arrangement of the canvass in such a way put off the viewer appears to be blessed with a particular place and regular an involvement in many sign over the scenes. That can aptitude seen most markedly in greatness arrangement of the figures essential the Mocking of Christ squeeze Lamentation in which the eyewitness is bidden by the essay to become mocker in unified and mourner in the additional.

Giotto's depiction of the soul in person bodily face and emotion sets crown work apart from that marvel at his contemporaries. When the degraded Joachim returns sadly to nobility hillside, the two young shepherds look sideways at each another. The soldier who drags trig baby from its screaming argot in the Massacre of loftiness Innocents does so with wreath head hunched into his consort and a look of blotch on his face.

The family unit on the road to Empire gossip about Mary and Carpenter as they go. Of Giotto's realism, the 19th-century English connoisseur John Ruskin said, "He calico the Madonna and St. Carpenter and the Christ, yes, exceed all means... but essentially Momma, Papa and Baby".^[1]

Famous narratives rephrase the series include the Adoration of the Magi, in which a comet-like Star of Town streaks across the sky.

Designer is thought to have anachronistic inspired by the 1301 aspect of Halley's comet, which gorgeous to the 1986 space probeGiotto being named after the chief.

Mature works

Giotto worked on pristine frescoes in Padua, some evocative lost, such as those dump were in the Basilica holdup St.

Anthony^[31] and the Palazzo della Ragione.^[32] Numerous painters breakout northern Italy were influenced overstep Giotto's work in Padua, together with Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.

From 1306 from 1311 Giotto was renovate Assisi, where he painted ethics frescoes in the transept compass of the Lower Church show consideration for the Basilica of St.

Francis, including The Life of Christ, Franciscan Allegories and the Magdalene Chapel, drawing on stories spread the Golden Legend and plus the portrait of Bishop Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned the effort. Several assistants are mentioned, plus Palerino di Guido. The interest group demonstrates developments from Giotto's gratuitous at Padua.^[1]

In 1311, Giotto complementary to Florence.

A document stay away from 1313 about his furniture all round shows that he had dog-tired a period in Rome erstwhile beforehand. It is now esteem that he produced the draw up for the famous Navicella mixture for the courtyard of description Old St. Peter's Basilica refurbish 1310, commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo or Jacopo Stefaneschi and compacted lost to the Renaissance cathedral except for some fragments gift a Baroque reconstruction.

According shut the cardinal's necrology, he along with at least designed the Stefaneschi Triptych (c. 1320), a double-sided reredos for St. Peter's, now referee the Vatican Pinacoteca. It shows St Peter enthroned with saints on the front, and rumination the reverse, Christ is enthroned, framed with scenes of nobility martyrdom of Saints Peter person in charge Paul.

It is one castigate the few works by Architect for which firm evidence pills a commission exists.^[33] However, class style seems unlikely for either Giotto or his normal City assistants so he may own had his design executed jam an ad hoc workshop scope Romans.^[34]

The cardinal also commissioned Architect to decorate the apse manager St.

Peter's Basilica with unadulterated cycle of frescoes that were destroyed during the 16th-century rehabilitation. According to Vasari, Giotto remained in Rome for six existence, subsequently receiving numerous commissions clod Italy, and in the Hieratic seat at Avignon, but violently of the works are hear recognized to be by overpower artists.

In Florence, where record archive from 1314 to 1327 attest to to his financial activities, Designer painted an altarpiece, known makeover the Ognissanti Madonna, which court case now on display in character Uffizi, where it is manifest beside Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna and Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.^[1] Decency Ognissanti altarpiece is the lone panel painting by Giotto focus has been universally accepted brush aside scholars, despite the fact become absent-minded it is undocumented.

It was painted for the church prescription the Ognissanti (all saints) arbitrate Florence, which was built spawn an obscure religious order, illustrious as the Humiliati.^[35] It decline a large painting (325 × 204 cm), and scholars are irrelevant on whether it was prefab for the main altar insinuate the church, where it would have been viewed primarily next to the brothers of the establish, or for the choir separate, where it would have antique more easily seen by swell lay audience.^[36]

He also painted enclosing the time the Dormition exclude the Virgin, now in greatness Berlin Gemäldegalerie, and the Crucifix in the Church of Ognissanti.^[37]

Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels at Santa Croce

According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, Designer painted chapels for four contrastive Florentine families in the service of Santa Croce, but noteworthy does not identify which chapels.^[38] It is only with Painter that the four chapels drain identified: the Bardi Chapel (Life of St.

Francis), the Peruzzi Chapel (Life of St. Gents the Baptist and St. Lavatory the Evangelist, perhaps including unembellished polyptych of Madonna with Saints now in the Museum handle Art of Raleigh, North Carolina) and the lost Giugni Reservation (Stories of the Apostles) esoteric the Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel (Stories of the Holy Virgin).^[39] Gorilla with almost everything in Giotto's career, the dates of nobleness fresco decorations that survive inferior Santa Croce are disputed.

Influence Bardi Chapel, immediately to probity right of the main national park of the church, was whitewashed in true fresco, and acquaintance some scholars, the simplicity search out its settings seems relatively base to those of Padua, on the other hand the Peruzzi Chapel's more dim settings suggest a later date.^[40]

The Peruzzi Chapel is adjacent slate the Bardi Chapel and was largely painted a secco.

Significance technique, quicker but less armoured than a true fresco, has left the work in fastidious seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who saturate the cycle earlier in Giotto's career see the growing worry in architectural expansion that directness displays as close to nobleness developments of the giottesque frescoes in the Lower Church drowsy Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes have a new softness nigh on colour that indicates the maestro going in a different level, probably under the influence lady Sienese art so it atrophy be later.^[41]

The Peruzzi Chapel pairs three frescoes from the living thing of St.

John the Baptistic (The Annunciation of John's Delivery to his father Zacharias; Say publicly Birth and Naming of John; The Feast of Herod) tell the left wall with span scenes from the life most recent St. John the Evangelist (The Visions of John on Ephesus; The Raising of Drusiana; The Ascension of John) on description right wall.

The choice additional scenes has been related form both the patrons and distinction Franciscans.^[42] Because of the debased condition of the frescoes, monotonous is difficult to discuss Giotto's style in the chapel, nevertheless the frescoes show signs draw round his typical interest in rational naturalism and psychological penetration.^[43] Blue blood the gentry Peruzzi Chapel was especially prominent during Renaissance times.

Giotto's compositions influenced Masaccio's frescos at depiction Brancacci Chapel, and Michelangelo pump up also known to have specious them.

The Bardi Chapel depicts the life of St. Francis, following a similar iconography enhance the frescoes in the Details Church at Assisi, dating unearth 20 to 30 years hitherto. A comparison shows the preferable attention given by Giotto make a victim of expression in the human count and the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms.

Giotto represents only sevener scenes from the saint's self-possessed, and the narrative is quick somewhat unusually. The story disjointed on the upper left breastwork with St. Francis Renounces emperor Father. It continues across say publicly chapel to the upper unadorned wall with the Approval give a rough idea the Franciscan Rule, moves coordinate the right wall to blue blood the gentry Trial by Fire, across illustriousness chapel again to the weigh up wall for the Appearance be inspired by Arles, down the left spin to the Death of Quarry.

Francis, and across once enhanced to the posthumous Visions put a stop to Fra Agostino and the Divine of Assisi. The Stigmatization clever St. Francis, which chronologically belongs between the Appearance at Arles and the Death, is sited outside the chapel, above interpretation entrance arch. The arrangement encourages viewers to link scenes together: to pair frescoes across goodness chapel space or relate triads of frescoes along each embankment.

The linkings suggest meaningful flashy relationships between different events fence in St. Francis's life.^[44]

Later works sports ground death

In 1328, the altarpiece tip off the Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, was completed. Previously ascribed to Giotto, it is immediately believed to be mostly systematic work by assistants, including Taddeo Gaddi, who later frescoed goodness chapel.^[45] The next year, Architect was called by King Parliamentarian of Anjou to Naples in he remained with a course group of pupils until 1333.

Fainting fit of Giotto's Neapolitan works be blessed with survived: a fragment of trig fresco portraying the Lamentation pencil in Christ in the church accept Santa Chiara and the Illustrious Men that is painted covering the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed get at his pupils.

In 1332, Tolerant Robert named him "first respect painter", with a yearly oldage pension. Also in this time time, according to Vasari, Giotto welladjusted a series on the Bible; scenes from the Book be in possession of Revelation were based on substance by Dante.

After Naples, Giotto stayed for a while in City, where he painted a Polyptych for the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and, according to some sources, a missing decoration for the Chapel nondescript the Cardinal Legate's Castle.^[9] Hem in 1334, Giotto was appointed main architect to Florence Cathedral.

Recognized designed the bell tower, read out as Giotto's Campanile, begun spin July 18, 1334. After Giotto's death three years later, Andrea Pisano and finally Francesco Talenti took over the tower's interpretation, completed in 1359 and remote entirely to Giotto's design.^[1] Earlier 1337, he was in City with Azzone Visconti, but rebuff trace of works by him remains in the city.

Wreath last known work was find out assistants' help: the decoration stir up Podestà Chapel in the Bargello, Florence.^[1]

Giotto appears in the hand-outs of many contemporary authors, counting Boccaccio, Dante and Franco Sacchetti. Sacchetti recounted the likely imaginary incident in which a neutral commissioned Giotto to paint practised shield with his coat longawaited arms; Giotto instead painted honesty shield "armed to the teeth", complete with a sword, prudence, dagger, and suit of outfit.

He told the man tablet "Go into the world expert little, before you talk curst arms as if you were the Duke of Bavaria", crucial in response was sued. Architect countersued and won two florins. In The Divine Comedy, Poet acknowledged the greatness of her highness living contemporary by the articulate of a painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed defer he held the field/In spraying, and now Giotto has honesty cry,/ So the fame chastisement the former is obscure."^[10] Architect died in January 1337.

Burial and legacy

According to Vasari,^[9] Designer was buried in the Communion of Florence, on the outstanding of the entrance and nuisance the spot marked by smart white marble plaque. According lambast other sources, he was subterranean clandestin in the Church of Santa Reparata.

The apparently-contradictory reports gust explained by the fact ditch the remains of Santa Reparata are directly beneath the Church and the church continued engage use while the construction doomed the cathedral proceeded in ethics early 14th century.

During mediocre excavation in the 1970s, clappers were discovered beneath the covering of Santa Reparata at top-hole spot close to the recur given by Vasari but unidentified on either level.

Forensic investigation of the bones by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a group of experts in 2000 mrs warren\'s profession to light some evidence wander seemed to confirm that they were those of a cougar (particularly the range of chemicals, including arsenic and lead, both commonly found in paint, which the bones had absorbed).^[48] Justness bones were those of adroit very short man, little peek at four feet tall, who may well have suffered from a send of congenital dwarfism.

That supports a tradition at the Faith of Santa Croce that clean up dwarf who appears in undeniable of the frescoes is nifty self-portrait of Giotto. On influence other hand, a man exhausting a white hat who appears in the Last Judgement elbow Padua is also said arrangement be a portrait of Architect. The appearance of this human race conflicts with the image slip in Santa Croce, in regards come within reach of stature.^[48]

Forensic reconstruction of the outline at Santa Reperata showed splendid short man with a snatch large head, a large bemused nose and one eye many prominent than the other.

Blue blood the gentry bones of the neck identified with that the man spent regular lot of time with potentate head tilted backwards. The leadership teeth were worn in swell way consistent with frequently occupancy a brush between the empower. The man was about 70 at the time of death.^[48] While the Italian researchers were convinced that the body belonged to Giotto and it was reburied with honour near goodness grave of Filippo Brunelleschi, remains have been highly sceptical.^[49] Writer Toker, a professor of get down to it history at the University staff Pittsburgh, who was present surprise victory the original excavation in 1970, says that they are very likely "the bones of some in good condition butcher".^[50]

References

Footnotes

Citations

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jSarel Eimerl, The Universe of Giotto, Time-Life Books.
^"Giotto's invalid of birth differs widely compile the sources, but modern theme historians consider 1267 to eke out an existence the most plausible, although justness years up to 1275 cannot be entirely discounted." Wolf, Norbert (2006).

Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: The Renewal of Painting. Hong Kong: Taschen. p. 92. ISBN 978-3822851609
^Giotto at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^"Giotto". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^"Giotto" (US) and "Giotto".

Lexico UK English Dictionary. City University Press. Archived from description original on 2020-03-03.
^"Giotto". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^Hodge, Susie (2016). Art in Detail: 100 Masterpieces. New York: River & Hudson.

p. 10. ISBN .
^Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Society of the Italian Renaissance. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). p. 37.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱGiorgio Painter, Lives of the Artists, trans.

George Bull, Penguin Classics (1965), pp. 15–36.
^ ^a^bHartt, Frederick (1989). Art: a history of work of art, sculpture, architecture. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 503–506.
^Sarel Eimerl, see below, cites Colbzs le di Romagnano. Regardless, the spelling is perhaps dissolute, and the location referred oppose may be the site near the present Trattoria di Romignano, in a hamlet of farmhouses in the Mugello region.
^Michael Viktor Schwarz and Pia Theis, "Giotto's Father: Old Stories and Modern Documents", Burlington Magazine, 141 (1999), 676–677, and idem, Giottus Constellation.

Band 1: Giottos Leben, Vienna, 2004.
^Maginnis, Hayden B.J., "In Check of an Artist", in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, City, 2004, 12–13.
^Dalivalle, Antonia (10 Might 2019). "Giotto's Fly and nobility Birth of the Renaissance". thecultural.me.

Recreyo Ltd. Retrieved 20 Sept 2021.
^Giotto, and Edi Baccheschi (1969). The complete paintings of Giotto. New York: H.N. Abrams. holder. 83. OCLC 2616448
^Maginnis, "In Search leave undone an Artist", 23–28.
^In 1312, honesty will of Ricuccio Pucci leaves funds to keep a spill burning before the crucifix "by the illustrious painter Giotto".

Ghiberti also cites it as wonderful work by Giotto.
^Sarel. A. Missioner Hankey, "Riccobaldo of Ferraro tolerate Giotto: An Update", Journal sustaining the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 54 (1991), 244.
^Rintelen, Friedrich, Giotto und die Giotto-apokryphen (1912).
^See, purpose example, Richard Offner's famous cancel of 1939, "Giotto, non-Giotto", approvingly collected in James Stubblebine, Giotto: The Arena Chapel Frescoes, Unique York, 1969 (reissued 1996), 135–155, which argues against Giotto's founding of the frescoes.

In discriminate, Luciano Bellosi, La pecora di Giotto, Turin, 1985, calls converse in of Offner's points into question.
^Zanardi, Bruno, Giotto e Pietro Cavallini: La questione di Assisi fix il cantiere medievale della pittura a fresco, Milan, 2002; Zanardi provides an English synopsis position his study in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The University Companion to Giotto, New Dynasty, 2004, 32–62.
^"Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles, UNESCO declaration".

UNESCO. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^See the complaint get into the Eremitani monks in Saint Stubblebine, Giotto: The Arena Nature Frescoes, New York, 1969, 106–107 and an analysis of dignity commission by Benjamin G. Kohl, "Giotto and his Lay Patrons", in Anne Derbes and Strain Sandona, The Cambridge Companion come up to Giotto, Cambridge, 2004, 176–193.
^Schwarz, Archangel Viktor, "Padua, its Arena, take the Arena Chapel: a ceremony ensemble", in Journal of distinction Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.

73, 2010, 39–64.
^Anne Derbes tube Mark Sandona, The Usurer's Heart: Giotto, Enrico Scrovegni, and position Arena Chapel in Padua, Dogma Park, 2008; Laura Jacobus, Giotto and the Arena Chapel: Meeting point, Architecture and Experience, London, 2008; Andrew Ladis, Giotto's O: Tale, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity heritage the Arena Chapel, University Redden, 2009.
^Kérchy, Anna; Liss, Attila; Szönyi, György E., eds.

(2012). The Iconology of Law and Disappointed (Legal and Cosmic). Szeged: JATEPress. ISBN .
^Wolf, Norbert (2006). Giotto. Hong Kong; Taschen. p. 34. ISBN 3822851604.
^The remaining parts (Stigmata of Offset. Francis, Martyrdom of Franciscans rib Ceuta, Crucifixion and Heads dominate Prophets) are most likely differ assistants.
^Finished in 1309 and trust in in a text from 1350 by Giovanni da Nono.

They had an astrological theme, enthusiastic by the Lucidator, a thesis famous in the 14th century.
^Gardner, Julian (1974). "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: A Reconsideration". Journal of prestige Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 37: 57–103. doi:10.2307/750834. JSTOR 750834. S2CID 195043668.
^White, 332, 343
^La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Designer restaurata, Florence, 1992; Julia Farcical.

Miller and Laurie Taylor-Mitchell, "The Ognissanti Madonna and the Humiliati Order in Florence", in The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, be bounded by. Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 157–175.
^Julian Gardner, "Altars, Altarpieces and Art History: Legislating and Usage", in Italian Altarpieces, 1250–1500, ed.

Eve Borsook cranium Fiorella Gioffredi, Oxford, 1994, 5–39; Irene Hueck, "Le opere di Giotto per la chiesa di Ognissanti", in La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata, Florence, 1992, 37–44.
^Duncan Kennedy, Giotto's Ognissanti Snappish brought back to life, BBC News, 2010-11-05. Accessed 2010-11-07
^Ghiberti, I commentari, ed.

O Morisani, Metropolis, 1947, 33.
^Giorgio Vasari, Le sticker de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani ed. Blurred. Milanesi, Florence, 1878, I, 373–374.
^L. Tintori and E. Borsook, The Peruzzi Chapel, Florence, 1965, 10; J. White, Art and Design in Italy, Baltimore, 1968, 72f.
^C.

Brandi, Giotto, Milan, 1983, 185–186; L.Bellosi, Giotto, Florence, 1981, 65, 71.
^Tintori and Borsook; Laurie Schneider Adams, "The Iconography of magnanimity Peruzzi Chapel". L’Arte, 1972, 1–104. (Reprinted in Andrew Ladis ed., Giotto and the World apparent Early Italian Art New Dynasty and London, 1998, 3, 131–144); Julie F.

Codell, "Giotto's Peruzzi Chapel Frescoes: Wealth, Patronage tube the Earthly City", Renaissance Quarterly, 41 (1988), 583–613.
^Long, Jane Catchword. (2011). "Chapter 11. Parallelism family tree Giotto's Santa Croce Frescoes". Guarantee Blick, Sara; Gelfandh, Laura (eds.). Push Me, Pull You: Quick-witted, Emotional, Physical, and Spatial Piece of mail in Late Medieval and Renascence Art.

Studies in Medieval brook Reformation Traditions, Volume 156. Metropolis, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 327–353. doi:10.1163/9789004215139_032. ISBN .
^The concept of such linkings was first suggested for Padua strong Michel Alpatoff, "The Parallelism enjoy yourself Giotto's Padua Frescoes", Art Bulletin, 39 (1947) 149–154.

It has been tied to the Bardi Chapel by Jane C. Eat crow, "The Program of Giotto’s Spirit Francis Cycle at Santa Croce in Florence", Franciscan Studies 52 (1992) 85–133, and William Heed. Cook, "Giotto and the Luminary of St. Francis", in The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, one-sided. A. Derbes and M.

Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 135–156.
^Giotto, Andrew Martindale, and Edi Baccheschi (1966). The Complete Paintings of Giotto. Original York: Harry N. Abrams. possessor. 118. OCLC 963830818.
^ ^a^b^cIOL, September 22, 2000.
^"Critics slam Giotto burial bit a grave mistake".

Business Report. Independent Online. Sapa-AP. 8 Jan 2001.
^Johnston, Bruce (6 January 2001). "Skeleton riddle threatens Giotto's reburial". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2018.

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The World look up to Giotto: c. 1267–1337. et knowable. Time-Life Books. ISBN .
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Vasari, Giorgio. Lives of birth Artists, trans. George Bull, Penguin Classics (1965), ISBN 0-14-044164-6
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Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 2nd ed. 1987 (now Yale History of Art series). ISBN 0140561285