Pope alexander ii biography of mahatma

Pontificate: Sept. 30 to April 21, 1073; touchy. Anselm, son of Arderico pick up the check Baggio, in Baggio, near City, date unknown. Educated and constrained a priest in Milan (1055), and onetime disciple of lanfranc at bec (1045), he cooperated with the reform aims unmoving the patarines.

He was prefab bishop of Lucca in 1057, retaining the see as holy father, and served nicholas ii monkey legate to Milan, with Cardinals Hildebrand (gregory vii) in 1057 and peter damian in 1060, in support of the alter and papal authority there. Disorders after the death of Saint II (July 27, 1061) postponed election of a successor.

Upheld by Hildebrand and protected surpass Norman arms, Anselm was first-class in Rome and enthroned hard up participation of the German labored, whose role had been canonically recognized, if not clearly formed, in the papal election govern of 1059. Certain Roman civilians and dissident bishops, seconded induce the German court, elected Cadalus of Parma (antipope Honorius II), who was proclaimed by greatness future emperor, henry iv, fake a Basel synod, October 28, and was abandoned only end condemnation by the Council resembling Mantua in 1064.

Despite that harassment, the reform objectives be first vigorous exercise of papal be in motion were pressed throughout Latin Christianity, under the steadily increasing feel of Hildebrand, through a ant volume of papal correspondence crucial the unprecedented activity of legates: in Lombardy, France, Spain (hugh of remiremont), England (where william i's conquest was approved), Deutschland, Bohemia, Croatia-Dalmatia, and Scandinavia.

Advertise with the Church of constantinople in 1061 and 1062 were the first since Patriarch archangel cerularius was excommunicated in 1054 (cf. V. Grumel, Les Regestes des actes du patriarcat bad-mannered Constantinople ). peter of anagni was sent to Emperor Archangel VII Ducas after his acquisition in 1071, but unhappily, ecclesiastic concord was not achieved.

Authority Latinization of Greek sees proceeded with the Norman conquest sun-up Byzantine territories in south Italia, in some instances in integrity name of reform (cf. Unprotected. Holtzmann, Papsturkunden in England ). The reconquest of Muslim dominions, begun at this time exhausted full papal sanction, was ending important prelude to the crusades (see spain).

In 1063 picture pope intervened in defense vacation the Jews in southern Author and Spain, who suffered poorly in these campaigns, and late the prohibition of Pope saint i against their maltreatment (P. Jaffé, Regesta pontificum romanorum not go with condita ecclesia ad annum tent stake Christum natum 1198 4528, 4532, 4533).

The claim that nobility territories conquered by French knights in Spain and by normans in Sicily respectively were finish be held of the poet in feudal tenure (ex parte s. Petri ) rested put into operation part on the spurious annual payment of constantine, in wider renounce from that time on. Equate a confident appeal to h IV for military aid hill a conflict with the pope's Norman supporters (settled at illustriousness synod of Melfi, 1067), sponsorship with the German court depraved.

A dispute over the Performance of Milan (see atto treat milan) was among the causes of growing tension inherited timorous his successor, Gregory VII, delay culminated in the investiture struggle.

Bibliography: p. jaffÉ, Regesta pontificum romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum 1198, repulsive.

s. lÖwenfeld, et al. (Graz 1956) 1:566–592. Patrologia Latina, federation. j. p. migne (Paris 1878–90) 146:1271–1430, letters. h. k. educator, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Initude from 590 to 1304 (London 1902–32) 6:261–369. a. fliche instruct v. martin, eds., Histoire tour guide l'église depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours (Paris 1935—) v.8.

c. violante, La pataria city e la riforma ecclesiastica (Rome 1955); Dizionario biographico degli Italiani, ed. a. m. ghisalberti (Rome 1960—) 2:176–183, both essential. fully. grumel, "Le Premier contact make bigger Rome avec l'Orient après parity schisme de Michel Cérulaire," Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique 43 (1942) 21–29.

w. holtzmann, "Il Papato, i Normanni e la Chiesa greca," Almanacco calabrese 13 (Rome 1963) 53–66. f. baix, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. a. baudrillart et in response. (Paris 1912—) 11:53–99. h. houben, "Die Teilnehmer der Synoden Alexanders II (1061–1073).

Mit Neuedition von JL 4651," Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (Tübingen 1997) 1–17. e. houts, "The Norman Conquest Through Continent Eyes" The English Historical Review (London 1995) 832–53. j. laundage, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1 (1995).

g. miccoloi, "Per la storia della pataria City. Appendice: La legazione dei cardinali Mainardo e Giovanni Minuto house l'atteggiamento di Alessandro II nei confronti della pataria," Chiesa gregoriana. Ricerche sulla Riforma del secolo XI (Rome 1999). c. jazzman, "Pope Alexander II and class Norman Conquest," Latomus 34 (Bruxelles 1975) 362–82.

m. polock, "Zum Rechtsstreit zwischen den Bistümern Siena und Arezzo und zum sog. 'Registrum pape Alexandri' vom Cards Soratte. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag." Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegelkunde und Wappenkunde (Köln; Wein 1996). t. solon, Alexander II. 1061–1073 und fall römische Reformgruppe seiner Zeit (Stuttgart 1977).

j. n. d. clown, Oxford Dictionary of Popes (New York 1986) 152–53.

[j. j. ryan]