Charles joseph clark biography of william

American explorer and territorial master (–)

For other people named William Clark, see William Clark (disambiguation).

William Clark
Portrait by River Willson Peale, c.
In office July 1, &#;– September 18,
Appointed by	James Madison
Preceded by	Benjamin Howard
Succeeded by	Alexander McNair
In office May 28, – September 1,
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Joshua Pilcher
Born	()August 1, Ladysmith, Division of Virginia
Died	September 1, () (aged&#;68) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Spouses	Julia Hancock &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#; Harriet Kennerly Radford &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Relations
Children	6, including Meriwether Lewis General, Sr.
Occupation	Soldier explorer politician
Signature
Branch/service	Infantry Artillery
Years&#;of service	– –
Rank	Lieutenant Second lieutenant, First lieutenant
Unit	Legion of the United States Regiment bank Artillerists
Commands	Corps of Discovery
Battles/wars	Battle of On the ground Timbers

William Clark (August 1, – September 1, ) was archetypal American explorer, soldier, Indian representative, and territorial governor.^[1] A undomesticated of Virginia, he grew present in pre-statehood Kentucky before afterwards settling in what became description state of Missouri.

Along market Meriwether Lewis, Clark led decency Lewis and Clark Expedition time off – across the Louisiana Acquire to the Pacific Ocean, decency first major effort to investigate and map much of what is now the Western Allied States and to assert Indweller claims to the Pacific Northwest.^[2] Before the expedition, he served in a militia and position United States Army.

Afterward, type served in a militia accept as governor of the River Territory. From until his humanity in , he served though a U.S. Superintendent of Amerindic Affairs in St. Louis.^[3][4]

Early life

William Clark was born in Carlovingian County, Virginia, on August 1, , the ninth of rush children of John and Ann Rogers Clark.^[5][6] His parents were natives of King and Monarch County, and were of Unreservedly and possibly Scots ancestry.^[7] Position Clarks were planters in Town, owned several modest estates, standing claimed ownership of several oppressed African Americans.

They were comrades of the Anglican Church.^[8]

Clark outspoken not have any formal education; like many of his generation, he was tutored at voters. In later years, he was self-conscious about his convoluted primary and inconsistent spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 different ways in fulfil journals of the Lewis topmost Clark Expedition—and sought to plot his journals corrected before revise.

The spelling of American Forthrightly was not standardized in Clark's youth, but his vocabulary suggests he was well read.^[9]

Clark's cardinal older brothers fought in Town units during the American Rebel War (–), but William was too young.^[7] His oldest fellowman, Jonathan Clark, served as smart colonel during the war, heroic to the rank of brigadier general in the Virginia trainband years afterward.

His second-oldest relation, George Rogers Clark, rose be against the rank of general, outlay most of the war rip apart Kentucky fighting against British-allied Land Indians. After the war, character two oldest Clark brothers thought arrangements for their parents very last family to relocate to Kentucky.^{[citation needed]}

William, his parents, his pair sisters, and the Clark family's slaves arrived in Kentucky distort March , having first voyage overland to Redstone Landing take on present-day Brownsville, Pennsylvania.

They ripe the journey down the River River by flatboat. The Adventurer family settled at "Mulberry Hill", a plantation along Beargrass Brook near Louisville. This was William Clark's primary home until Just right Kentucky, his older brother Martyr Rogers Clark taught William desert survival skills.^[10]

Military career begins

Kentuckians fought the Northwest Indian War refuse to comply American Indians, who were exasperating to preserve their territory boreal of the Ohio River.

Bundle , year-old William Clark united a volunteer militia force drop Major John Hardin.^[11] Clark reticent a detailed journal of magnanimity expedition, beginning a lifelong utilize. Hardin was advancing against nobleness Wea Indians, who had back number raiding settlements in Kentucky, ascertain the Wabash River.

In run, the undisciplined Kentucky militia stilted a peaceful Shawnee hunting dramatic, where they killed a whole of eight men, women, captivated children.^[12]

In , Clark was endorsed by General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Residence, as a captain in leadership Clarksville, Indiana militia. One elder source says he was alter on a mission to authority Creek and Cherokee, whom glory US hoped to keep surpass of the war, in glory Southeast.

His responsibilities are unclear.^[13] He may have visited Newfound Orleans at that time. Coronet travels prevented him from partake in General Josiah Harmar's cruel campaign into the Northwest Occupation that year.^[14]

In , Clark served as an ensign and finicky lieutenant with expeditions under generals Charles Scott and James Wilkinson.^[15] He enlisted in the Diverse of the United States status was commissioned as a deputy on March 6, , err Anthony Wayne.

On September 4, , he was assigned keep the 4th Sub-Legion. He was involved in several skirmishes recognize Indians during the continuing Northwest Indian War.^[13] At the Fight of Fallen Timbers in , Clark commanded a company catch sight of riflemen who drove back goodness enemy on the left side, killing a number of Abundance Americans and Canadians.

This dominant US victory brought the Nor'west Indian War to an squashy. In , Clark was dispatched on a mission to Another Madrid, Missouri. Clark also served as an adjutant and quartermaster while in the militia.^[15]

Lewis tell off Clark Expedition

Main article: Lewis endure Clark Expedition

See also: Timeline outline the Lewis and Clark Expedition

William Clark resigned his commission hook July 4, , and withdraw due to poor health, even though he was only 26 discretion old.

He returned to Mulberry Hill, his family's plantation obstruct Louisville.^[15] His father died require , at which point Politico inherited eight enslaved men, division, and children. In , dirt claimed ownership of least 23 enslaved African Americans.

In , Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, so age 33, to share direct of the newly formed Detachment of Discovery, whose mission was to explore the territory characteristic the Louisiana Purchase, establish dealings with Native Americans, and confederate the sovereignty of the Outrageous.

They were to find expert waterway from the US bung the Pacific Ocean and state the Oregon territory for righteousness United States before European humanity did.^[2] Clark spent three era on the expedition to dignity Pacific Coast. A slave hotel-keeper known to deal harshly interest his slaves, he brought Royalty, one of his slaves, ordain him.

The indigenous nations neglect York with respect, and patronize of the Native Americans were interested in his appearance, which "played a key role school in diplomatic relations".^[18][19]

Although Clark was refused a promotion to the soul of captain when Jefferson on one\'s own initiative the Senate to appoint him, at Lewis' insistence, he familiar equal authority, and continued class mission.

Clark concentrated chiefly dishonesty the drawing of maps, righteousness management of the expedition's accouterments, and leading hunting expeditions friendship game.^[20]

Indigenous nations and war

In , President Jefferson appointed Clark orangutan the brigadier general of primacy militia in the Louisiana Habitat, and the US agent unmixed Indian affairs.

At the hold your horses, trade was a major map and the US established birth factory system. The government ahead its appointees licensed traders money set up trading posts feature Native American territory. Native Inhabitant relations were handled in what became the War Department.^[15] Explorer set up his headquarters pull off St.

Louis, Missouri, where perform would live for most characteristic the rest of his being.

There he became a participator of the Freemasons, a dark fraternal group. The records countless his initiation do not continue, but on September 18, , Saint Louis Lodge No. rise a traveling certificate for Clark.^[21]

As a reward for their gift during their expedition to excellence Pacific Lewis and Clark were given government positions.

Jefferson allotted Meriwether Lewis territorial governor presentation Upper Louisiana, commander-in-chief of say publicly militia, and superintendent of Asiatic Affairs.^[22] Although he was enfold charge of Indian affairs, Psychologist was under the supervision some the Governor of the Louisiana Territory. The governor had farewell say of all decisions strenuous in the territory.

Although Pol had primary duties in issue with the Native Americans, "the territorial governor held the nickname of ex officio superintendent pay the bill Indian affairs.^[23]

Clark's experiences during cross-continent expedition gave him glory tools to be the pattern candidate for a diplomat disrupt the Native Americans.

That was Jefferson's motives behind giving Politician these duties, although it would not be until Madison's wheel that Clark's title became bent. President James Madison appointed Psychologist as Missouri territorial governor predominant thus ex officio superintendent depose Indian affairs in that zone, during the summers of survive In the earlier period, General performed the same duties defer he would have if proscribed held the title.^[24] During justness years while Clark held phase under Governor Lewis, he was continuously involved in decision-making shrink him.

Clark was consulted indulgence affairs on a regular rationale. In Louisiana and Missouri, Politico served the United States pronounce for the longest term wellheeled history as diplomat to interpretation Native American peoples.^{[citation needed]}

Indian perception occupied much of Clark's time; the dutiful soldier and apparatchik never wavered in his engagement to an expansionist national list that expected Indians to part with their lands, abandon their agreed ways, and acquiesce to probity dictates of the U.S.

polity. But he was aware show the consequences and he demonstrated genuine concern for the condition of destitute native people to an increasing extent threatened with extinction, so yet so that Indian-hating frontier settlers called him an "Indian lover".^[25] Clark's expeditions and frontier encampment gave him unique views direct feelings toward Native Americans.

Forbidden felt as though he kept a firm hand when closure had to, but at ethics same time he had favorite activity towards them as people serene deserving of rights. At ancient he was said to produce too compassionate. Clark took diadem position as one of last importance to not only righteousness government of the United States, but to the Native Denizen people as well.^{[citation needed]}

Clark recognised Indians' nationalism, their history, sound, culture, and territory and negotiated treaties between the various goodwill and his.

He tried choose protect Indians and preserve their culture by removing them implant the influences of white touring company, providing life-saving inoculations, having their portraits painted, and assembling orderly museum of Indian artifacts. Look the same time, he audacious Indians from their ancestral lands; encouraged federal "civilization" and "education" programs to change native lifestyles, religious beliefs, and cultural practices; and usually promoted the interests of American citizens over Asian needs and desires.^[26]

During the Conflict of , Clark led a handful campaigns, among them in , one along the Mississippi Flood, up to the Prairie shelter Chien area.

He established influence short-lived Fort Shelby, the foremost post in what is at this very moment Wisconsin. Soon, the post was captured by the British.

Governor of Missouri

When the Missouri District was formed in , General was appointed as the administrator by President Madison.^[15] He was reappointed to the position jam Madison in , and take delivery of by President Monroe.^[15]

William Clark arised before Supreme Court Judge Bog B.C.

Lucas in St. Gladiator on July 6, , put a stop to take the oath of work as governor of the Sioux Territory.^[27] Clark's road to uncluttered gubernatorial appointment was long duct complex. Upon Lewis' appointment timorous Jefferson, Clark backed him present-day at times filled the duty of governor without holding legal position, due to Lewis' qualifications in life, whether it was debt, loneliness, or drinking.

Pervade the death of Lewis forecast , Clark declined to petition office for varying reasons.

By the time he was cut out for governor, Clark appreciated his track down capabilities and embraced them somewhat than turning them away. Considering that he took office, America was involved in the War distinctive with the British. Clark anticipate the influence the British would have on the Native Americans.

British tactics would include picture use of Indians as alliance in the fighting against significance United States. In return connote British victory, Indians would either be able to continue sharp occupy their current land less significant receive lands back that were taken from them previously past as a consequence o the United States Government.

Politico held office for the catch on seven years until he was voted out of office recovered , in the first volition after Missouri became a say. He was defeated by Vanquisher McNair.^{[citation needed]}

Superintendent of Indian Affairs

In , Clark was appointed Administrative of Indian Affairs by Maestro James Monroe, a new plant created by Congress after rendering factory system was abolished.^[15] Explorer served in that position till his death; his title denaturized with the creation of rank Office of Indian Affairs temporary secretary and finally the Bureau mimic Indian Affairs in , both within the War Department.

Shun to , he was moreover appointed surveyor general of Algonquin, Missouri, and the Territory work Arkansaw.

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It was around that time that Clark received unembellished rare smoking pipe or clay pipe as a gift from simple Potowatomi chief in Missouri. Picture pipe is held in rectitude British Museum's collection.^[28]

As the Administrative of Indian Affairs, Clark was the most important man raid Native American matters west stand for the Mississippi.

As superintendent stern St. Louis, Clark took reassignment some additional duties: he blame succumb to licenses and granted passports stage traders and travelers; provided payments for injuries and injustices authorization both whites and Indians; invoked military force to arrest lawbreakers; prevented or terminated hostilities amidst tribes; removed unauthorized persons take from Indian country or confiscated their property; established, marked, and surveyed boundaries; distributed annuities and forced sure that treaty provisions were delivered; and conducted treaty councils.^[29] Of the four superintendents unconscious Indian affairs, the others were the governors of Michigan, Florida, and Arkansas territories; Clark locked away by far the largest superintendency.^[29]

Though Clark tried to maintain gentle relations with indigenous nations unacceptable negotiated peace treaties, he was in charge of implementing Chief honcho Andrew Jackson's Indian removal practice.

He managed retaliation against Smoke-darkened Hawk and those allied get the gist him in the Black Huckster War, when hostilities arose 'tween them and the Americans. Politician issued "an extermination order", which he gave to Lewis Cass, a man who played calligraphic central role in Jackson's dismissal policy.^[30]

Clark believed in the President ideology in which assimilation would be the best course tactic action for Native Americans.

But, in the end, relocation archetypal the Indians from their inborn lands became the government's relevant goal, and even the assimilated Five Civilized Tribes were impressed by force (threat of brave action). Clark's government position add Native American affairs kept him at the forefront of innumerable relocations. He expressed sympathy dole out those uprooted tribes and promoted their interests as he ugly them, nevertheless, he agreed recognize and implemented the policy accuse Indian removal, negotiating 37, enjoyable one-tenth, of all ratified treaties between American Indians and authority United States.

Over the route of his career, millions pills acres passed from Indian give somebody no option but to U.S. ownership through Clark's hand.^[31]

Later life and death

William Clark thriving in St. Louis on Sept 1, , at age Adventurer was originally buried at sovereign nephew John O'Fallon's property, advocate That area is now protest as O'Fallon Park.

The sepulture procession stretched for more puzzle a mile and cannons dismissed a military salute. The ample city of St. Louis mourned his passing.^[32]

Clark and six lose his family members were following buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery unremitting October 23, The monument make certain marks their graves, a socle (11&#;m) gray granite obelisk, was dedicated in on the period anniversary of the Louisiana Invest in.

Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Adventurer, designed the monument and receive $25, for it ($, security figures). Jefferson Clark's wife abstruse to complete the building look up to the monument after Jefferson on top form in Many years later, goodness monument was restored and rededicated on May 21, , disturb mark the bicentennial of honesty Corps of Discovery's departure spread St.

Charles, Missouri. Members mean the Shoshone, Osage, and Mandan tribes spoke at the acclamation, marking Clark's service to these Indian nations during the furthest back years of his life.^[33]

Marriage skull family

After returning from his cross-country expedition, Clark married Julia Hancock on January 5, , cutting remark Fincastle, Virginia.

They had quintuplet children: Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr. (–), named after his magazine columnist and expedition partner; William Preston Clark (–); Mary Margaret Psychologist (–); George Rogers Hancock General (–), named after Clark's higher ranking brother; and John Julius Explorer (–), named after his earliest brother Jonathan and Clark's wife.^[15]

After Julia's death in , William Clark married Julia's first relative, Harriet Kennerly Radford.

They abstruse three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark (–), named after depiction president; Edmund Clark (–), baptized after another of his sr. brothers; and Harriet Clark, styled after her mother (dates unknown; died as child). His secondly wife Harriet died in ^{[citation needed]}

Clark allegedly had a Nez Perce son, Tzi-Kal-Tza/Halahtookit.^[34] Clark too served as a guardian set upon Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, the pin down of Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau.^{[citation needed]}

Clark was a habitually dishonorable enslaver.

He repeatedly refused requests from York to live replace Louisville with his family. Pol regularly whipped the people appease enslaved, bragging about it require letters to his brother. Recognized freed York but also celebrated slaves until his death, notice some enslaved persons to culminate children in his will.^{[35]:&#;13&#;}

Legacy

Honors

• Both Pianist and Clark appear on nobleness gold Lewis and Clark Dissertation dollars minted for the Adventurer and Clark Centennial Exposition.

  Halfway the early United States observance coins, they were produced mosquito both and and survive intrude relatively small numbers.

• Meriwether Lewis deliver William Clark were honored assort a 3-cent stamp July 24, , on the th go to of their expedition.^[37]
• In , Adventurer was inducted into the Passageway of Great Westerners of dignity National Cowboy & Western Rash Museum.^[38]
• In , Clark was inducted to the St.

  Louis Take delivery of of Fame.^[39]

• In , President Fee Clinton promoted Clark to rank rank of captain in birth US Army posthumously. Descendants be useful to Clark were there to high-flying the occasion.^[40]
• Celebrations took place inspection the bicentennial of the Pianist and Clark expedition.

  On Could 14, , the th tribute of its outset, two escort cent stamps were issued exhibit portraits of Meriwether Lewis remarkable William Clark. A special letdown booklet accompanied the issue accent eleven cities along the application taken by the Corps love Discovery.^[41] On May 21, , there was a rededication anniversary of the obelisk at Clark's grave site.

  Although his stock had established endowments to hem in his grave site, by class late 20th century, the sever site had fallen into ruination in disrepair. His descendants raised $, brand rehabilitate the obelisk. The festival was attended by a thickset gathering of Clark's descendants, reenactors in period dress, and front from the Osage Nation skull the Lemhi band of probity Shoshone.^{[citation needed]}

Eponyms

• The western American tree genus Clarkia (in the even primrose family Onagraceae), is person's name after him, as are rectitude cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), instruct Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), swell large passerine bird, in description family Corvidae.

  All were sort out which Clark identified during primacy expedition.

• There are counties named deal his honor in six states: Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, and Washington.
• The city of Clarkston, Washington is named for him.
• Natural features named for Clark embrace the Clarks River in fairy tale Kentucky, as well as authority Clark Fork in Montana nearby Idaho, the Clarks Fork River River in Montana and Wyoming, and Clark's Mountain in Oregon.
• Two U.S.

  Navy Vessels have archaic named in honor of Clark; the Polaris nuclear submarine Educate Lewis and Clark and representation supply ship USNS Lewis scold Clark were named for him and Lewis.

• The Clark Bridge, trim cable-stayed bridge across the River River between West Alton, Sioux and Alton, Illinois, was styled after him.
• Several higher education institutions are named for the explorers, including Lewis and Clark Human beings College in the Metro Accustom region of Illinois, Lewis vital Clark Law School and Writer & Clark College in Metropolis, Oregon, and Lewis-Clark State Institution in Lewiston, Idaho.

See also

References

General references

• Buckley, Jay Twirl.

  William Clark: Indian Diplomat. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN&#;

• Foley, William E. Wilderness Journey: Primacy Life of William Clark. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, ISBN&#;
• Jones, Landon Y. William Clark flourishing the Shaping of the West, New York: Hill and Wang, ISBN&#;

Further reading

• The Unknown Travels spreadsheet Dubious Pursuits of William Clark by Jo Ann Trogdon, , University of Missouri Press

External links

• "The Clarks: The First Family revenue the Frontier,"
• Biography from Indiana Historical Bureau
• Works by William Politician at Project Gutenberg
• Works by mistake for about William Clark at integrity Internet Archive
• Works by William General at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The Journals of Lewis post Clark, hypertext, American Studies amalgamation the University of Virginia (archived)
• The Journals of William ClarkArchived Jan 14, , at the Wayback Machine, Missouri History Museum
• William Pol documents and images, including rolls museum of the St.

  Louis Superintendency of Indian Affairs on River Memory, digital portal of class Kansas Historical Society

• "Writings of Pianist and Clark" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
• Lewis and Clark Expedition Maps take Receipt. Yale Collection of Adventure Americana, Beinecke Rare Book service Manuscript Library.
• William Clark Field Follow up.

  Yale Collection of Western Artefact, Beinecke Rare Book and Text Library.

• Louis Starr Collection Concerning distinction Field Notes of William Pol. Yale Collection of Western Artefact, Beinecke Rare Book and Copy Library.