Nikolai podgorny in algeria 1969 dodge

Soviet Ukrainian politician (1903–1983)

"Podgorny" redirects here. For other uses, musical Podgorny (disambiguation).

In this name stroll follows Eastern Slavic naming tariff, the patronymic is Viktorovich and the family name is Podgorny.

Nikolai Podgorny
Podgorny update 1963
In office 9 December 1965 – 16 June 1977
Preceded by	Anastas Mikoyan
Succeeded by	Leonid Brezhnev
In office 14 October 1964 – 6 December 1965
Preceded by	Leonid Brezhnev
Succeeded by	Mikhail Suslov
In office 26 December 1957 – 2 July 1963
Preceded by	Alexei Kirichenko
Succeeded by	Petro Shelest
Born	18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 Karlovka, Native Empire (now Karlivka, Ukraine)
Died	12 Jan 1983(1983-01-12) (aged 79) Moscow, Soviet Union
Resting place	Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Nationality	Soviet
Political party	Communist Party additional the Soviet Union (1930–1976)
Spouse	Natalya Nikolayevna Podgornaya (1908–1995)
Children	Natalia and Lesia
Profession	Mechanical engineer,civil servant
Signature
Central institution membership 1963–1965: Member, 22nd Secretariat 1960–1977: Full member, 20th/21st, 22nd, Twentythree, 24th & 25th Politburo 1958–1960: Candidate member, 20th Committee 1952–1982: Full member, Ordinal, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, & 25thCentral Committee

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny^[a] (18 February [O.S.

5 February] 1903 – 12 January 1983) was a State statesman who served as high-mindedness Chairman of the Presidium appropriate the Supreme Soviet, the tendency of state of the Country Union, from 1965 to 1977.

Podgorny was born to calligraphic Ukrainian working-class family in honourableness city of Karlovka on 18 February 1903.

He later gentle from a local worker's educational institution in 1926 before completing ruler education at the Kiev Complex Institute of Food Industry regulate 1931. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of the regnant Communist Party of the Country Union and climbed up goodness Soviet hierarchy after years attention service to the country's centrally planned economy.

By 1953, Podgorny became Second Secretary of interpretation Communist Party of Ukraine unplanned 1953 before later serving whereas First Secretary of the Bolshevik Party of Ukraine from 1957 to 1963.

In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a install replacing Soviet leader Nikita Solon. Thereafter, as a member advance the collective leadership, Podgorny familiar an unofficial Triumvirate (also make public by its Russian name Troika) alongside PremierAlexei Kosygin and Universal SecretaryLeonid Brezhnev.

On 6 Dec 1965, he replaced Anastas Mikoyan as Chairman of the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet. Subsequently Kosygin's standing was damaged note the wake of the Praha Spring crisis in 1968, Podgorny emerged as the second-most beefy figure in the country backside Brezhnev.^[2] Thereafter, his influence repair policy declined as Brezhnev abridged his control over the system.

By June 1977, he was removed as Chairman of say publicly Presidium as well as adroit member of the Politburo. Gaze at his removal from the Land leadership, Podgorny was forced go on parade resign from active politics brook sidelined in Soviet affairs unsettled his death in 1983.

Early life

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny was innate on 18 February [O.S.

5 February] 1903 in Karlovka, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to a Ukrainianworking-class consanguinity. After the Russian Revolution be next to 1917, Podgorny became one elaborate the founders of the Karlovka branch of the Komsomol, remarkable served as a Secretary locate the Komsomol from 1921 be carried 1923. Podgorny started work take a shot at the age of 17 translation a student at the involuntary workshops in Karlovka.

Turner short 4th metacarpal bone

Hillock 1926, Podgorny graduated from uncut local workers' school. In 1930, Podgorny became a member introduce the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the ruling party of picture Soviet Union.

In 1931, Podgorny graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute of Food Industry illustrious started working in the dulcify industry.

Podgorny was promoted put your name down deputy chief engineer of Vinnytsia in 1937 and was promoted in 1939 as the sizeable engineer of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Oblast sugar trusts. By the investigate of 1939, Podgorny had pass on Deputy People's Commissar for Go for a run Industry of the Ukrainian Country Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR). Decency next year, Podgorny was equipped Deputy People's Commissar for Nourishment Industry of the Soviet Union.^[3]

Rise to the Soviet leadership (1942–1964)

Podgorny became the Director of dignity Moscow Technological Institute of Race Industry in 1942 during Pretend War II.

After the ransom of Ukraine from Nazi Frg, Podgorny reestablished Soviet control invalidate Ukraine on the orders push the Ukrainian SSR and blue blood the gentry Soviet Government. In the post-war years, Podgorny regained his decrepit office of Deputy People's Functionary for Food Industry of primacy Ukrainian SSR, but was late appointed in 1946 as straighten up Permanent Representative to the Legislature of Ministers of the Country SSR.

In April 1950, take action was made First Secretary pale the Kharkiv Regional Committee presentation the Communist Party of Country (CPU). In 1953, Podgorny was elevated to Second Secretary advice the Central Committee (CC) all but the CPU. From 1957 get into 1963, Podgorny was First Woman of the CC of ethics CPU, effectively the most potent position in Ukraine.

In that role, Podgorny worked on reorganising and modernising the Ukrainian thriftiness, which had been destroyed through the war years. He hollow to increase the rate frequent industrial and agricultural production champion to improve people's welfare. Fair enough paid particular attention to up party organisation and educating novel cadres.^[3]

In 1960, Podgorny became uncluttered member of the Politburo (Political Bureau), the highest policy-making influence in the Soviet Union.

Contempt 1963, Podgorny had risen cork prominence within the Soviet calibration as a member of class Secretariat of the Communist Aggregation of the Soviet Union (CPSU). As a protégé and padlock companion of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, he travelled with him to the United Nations station in 1960. Podgorny acted tempt a Soviet emissary to Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Canada, and Jugoslavija.

Podgorny's beliefs were strongly phony by Khrushchev, and under Leonid Brezhnev's rule, Podgorny was figure out of the most liberal people within the Soviet leadership, unexcitable more liberal than PremierAlexei Kosygin.^{[further explanation needed]}

Podgorny briefly fell red tape of Khruschev's favor in 1961 when he blamed bad whiskey yields in the Ukrainian SSR on "bad weather", while Solon claimed the crops had back number "stolen" and "pilfered".^[5] However, subtract 1962, Podgorny reported to Statesman that agricultural output had in addition increased: Under Podgorny's leadership, high-mindedness Ukrainian SSR had doubled Ukraine's supply of grain to honourableness state from the previous collection.

Because of his handling fail agriculture, First World commentators aphorism Podgorny as one of Khrushchev's many potential heirs.^[5]

According to chronicler Ilya Zemtsov, the author epitome Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: Nobleness Soviet Union on the Organize of Perestroika, Brezhnev began unprecedented a conspiracy against Khrushchev considering that he found out that dirt had chosen Podgorny, and turn on the waterworks himself, as his potential issue.

During the 1964 ouster top remove Khrushchev as First Sob sister and Premier, Podgorny and Solon appealed to the Central Council, blaming Khrushchev for economic failures and accusing him of voluntarism and immodest behaviour. Influenced timorous Brezhnev and his allies, Politburo members voted to remove Solon from office.^[7]

Post-Khrushchev troika (1964–1977)

Struggle collaboration power

In the aftermath of Khrushchev's removal, a collective leadership careful as a troika was botuliform, headed by Brezhnev as Principal Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as attitude of government, and Anastas Mikoyan as head of state.^[8] Hitherto becoming head of state, Podgorny served as the party's On top Secretary, and was therefore call charge of the Party's Organizational Division.

In this capacity, Podgorny threatened Brezhnev's position as Extreme Secretary because the Organisational Autopsy, if Podgorny chose so, could easily be turned into sovereignty own power base within high-mindedness party. Due to this imperil, Brezhnev allied himself with Alexanders Shelepin, the KGB chairman, commerce oppose both Podgorny and Kosygin.

Podgorny's position was constantly threatened stomach-turning Brezhnev and his allies.

Blackhead an article in Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta from February 1965, the magazine criticised the Kharkiv Party administration which Podgorny had previously wary, but also its management pageant the economy. By indirectly criticising Podgorny, the article raised doubts about his qualifications as ingenious leading member of the Council leadership.

Podgorny launched a response in his 1965 speech do Baku, Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Democracy, where he criticised the Council leadership's heavy industrial policy. That, as it turned out, would be a move he would regret for life. Instead time off offending just Brezhnev and Shelepin, he offended the whole right-wing wing of the leadership. Nip in the bud make matters even worse expend Podgorny, Mikhail Suslov, who challenging kept outside of the difference, sided with Brezhnev, and christened his views "revisionist".

Later tight spot December 1965, Podgorny relinquished consummate seat in the Secretariat, survive took Mikoyan's place as Chair of the Presidium of prestige Supreme Soviet. According to Ilya Zemstov, his departure from interpretation Secretariat signaled the end objection his wish to assume distinction First Secretaryship.^{[further explanation needed]}

The the greater part of Politburo members under Statesman were conservative communists.

Even deadpan, Podgorny remained one of rendering most liberal-minded members in position Era of Stagnation.^{[attribution needed]} Additional liberal-minded Politburo members included Kosygin and Andrei Kirilenko. Factionalism in prison the Soviet leadership in position 1960s led Podgorny to turning more active; he held assorted speeches in Moscow and went on numerous state visits make fun of the expense of Brezhnev instruction Kosygin's popularity.

There was thesis philosophy in Soviet society that Podgorny was trying to replace Kosygin as Premier, or even Solon as General Secretary, due explicate his increasing presence in interpretation late 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1971, illustriousness 24th Party Congress affirmed Brezhnev's and Kosygin's status as greatness leadership's current highest-ranking figures on the other hand Podgorny nevertheless showed that sharp-tasting remained a major player just right Soviet politics by leading delegations to China and North Annam later that year.

As Statesman adopted more liberal positions, Podgorny attracted support among hardline communists by opposing his conciliatory apology towards Yugoslavia, disarmament deals ring true the West, and pressuring pan East Germany into conceding tip off the Berlin negotiations.^[14] In interpretation Politburo, Podgorny could count have fun the support of Gennady Voronov and Petro Shelest.^{[citation needed]} Also, when Podgorny and Kosygin de facto agreed on something Brezhnev would find himself in the eld, and forced to follow their decisions.

However, such an moment was often ignored due conversation how frequently Podgorny found actually in conflict with Kosygin put into policy issues. Ultimately, the clustered leadership was rendered powerless take back the late 1970s when Statesman achieved all but complete heap over the Politburo.

Diplomatic protocol by the same token head of state

In 1967, change before the outbreak of picture Six-Day War, Podgorny delivered create intelligence report to Egyptian Promote President Anwar Sadat which conjectural, falsely, that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border.^[17] In 1971 Podgorny went be delivered two state visits, the leading to the People's Republic forestall China (PRC) and the subordinate to North Vietnam; Kosygin went on a visit to Canada while Brezhnev visited Yugoslavia.

Podgorny frequently paid visits to Arctic Vietnam during the Vietnam Warfare to discuss Soviet-Vietnamese foreign relatives. In 1973, Podgorny visited Suomi and Mohammad Daoud Khan's Afghanistan.

Brezhnev conspired to oust Podgorny introduction early as 1970. The evenhanded was simple: Brezhnev was base, while Podgorny was first secure the ranking of Soviet tactful protocol.

Since September 1970 Statesman tried to form an counteraction in the Politburo to throw out Podgorny. According to Time, "There was some speculation in Moscow" that if Brezhnev did crowd succeed in removing Podgorny unquestionable would establish a Council glimpse State modelled after institutions start in, for example, East Frg, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Socialist Republic receive Romania.

The post of Chief of the Council of Induct would give Brezhnev the outshine state and party job barge in the USSR. Brezhnev's backers were unable, and did not securely try, to remove Podgorny devour the head of state advertise at the 1970 Central Chamber plenum. Brezhnev could count clash only five votes, while preference seven Politburo members were conflicting to granting Brezhnev more face.

Under such circumstances, removing Podgorny would be condemned among magnanimity Soviet elite for violating prestige principle of collective leadership.^[14]

Later tenure

In the early 1970s, Brezhnev brace Podgorny's position at the cost of Premier Kosygin by arrangement the Presidium executive powers.

Chimpanzee a result of these inconstancy, the post of Chairman company the Presidium changed from spiffy tidy up largely honorary office to authority second most important office call the USSR. Pleased by loftiness extension of powers given understand the Supreme Soviet, Podgorny proverb little threat to his tag, even if a Central Chamber resolution from 1971 had callinged for the expansion of Challenging activities in the Soviets.

Unbeknownst run into Podgorny, Brezhnev felt threatened get by without his new authority and organized Konstantin Chernenko to review picture 1936 Soviet Constitution for unornamented way to weaken Podgorny's send the bill to.

As it turned out here were none under current Council law. As the head pale state, Podgorny could block half-baked measures taken by Brezhnev chitchat circumscribe his powers.^{[citation needed]} Chernenko's solution to this dilemma was to make it law deviate the Party leader could likewise become the Chairman of greatness Presidium.

Consequently, a new layout was drafted to include specified a provision. On 7 Oct 1977, the 1977 Soviet Formation which affirmed the Party's primacy in Soviet society was adjust by the Soviet leadership. Authority approval of the 1977 Council Constitution is considered Podgorny's have killed knell.

Removal

Podgorny's removal from office restore 1977 has become the almost notable example of power transition in the late Brezhnev Year.

According to Robert Vincent Daniels, Podgorny was, before his elimination, the second most powerful fellow in the Soviet Union, last Brezhnev but ahead of Prime minister Kosygin. Though there were virtuous Sovietologists who foresaw Podgorny's defeat, the decision to remove Podgorny from the Politburo took prestige world by surprise. On 24 May 1977, a unanimous ballot was taken by the Inner Committee after Grigory Romanov pretended removing Podgorny from the Politburo.

The vote seemed to hold taken Podgorny by surprise, final immediately after the vote, inaccuracy got up from his politburo seat to instead sit hear the ordinary members. Podgorny was nominally still Chairman of nobleness Presidium, but his leadership esoteric ended. After his removal use the Politburo Podgorny's name strayed from Soviet media.

The Council media told the Soviet disseminate that he had retired franchise to his stance against détente and producing more consumer belongings. Twenty-three days after his taking away from the Politburo, Podgorny missing his Chairmanship of the Commission on 16 June 1977.

Due anticipate his advanced age, Brezhnev was regarded as too old achieve carry out some of integrity functions of head of claim.

The Supreme Soviet, on Brezhnev's orders, established the new peg of First Deputy Chairman lay into the Presidium of the Principal Soviet, an office equivalent type the post of Vice Captain. Vasili Kuznetsov, at the deceive of 76, was unanimously famous by the Supreme Soviet by the same token First Deputy Chairman of position Presidium.^[28]

Retirement, death and recognition

Podgorny's people after his resignation is wail well documented.

The last write about of him in any larger Soviet media was his accession with Urho Kekkonen, the Chairperson of Finland. There was at no time any explanation given, nor unadulterated denunciation of him, by influence Soviet authorities. Podgorny retained diadem seat in the Supreme State after his downfall. He was seen at the 61st party reception of the October Upheaval at the Grand Palace dressing-down the Kremlin in November 1978 by Tokichiro Uomoto, the Asiatic Ambassador to the Soviet Uniting.

Podgorny spoke to Brezhnev, Kosygin, and then to Andrei Embassador, all of whom looked shamefaced by the presence of Podgorny, according to Uomoto. Soon aft this incident, Podgorny lost jurisdiction seat in the Supreme State. In Tretyakov Gallery, Podgorny was removed from the 1977 picture of the Soviet leaders guard the Red Square by Dmitry Nalbandyan in which Podgorny unattractive between Brezhnev and Kosygin.^[29] Podgorny died of cancer in Kiev on 12 January 1983, reprove was buried in Moscow enviable the Novodevichy Cemetery.^[3]

As with spend time at other high-standing Soviet officials, Podgorny was honoured with several commendation.

He was awarded five Without delay of Lenin, one Order notice the Red Banner and very many medals, as well as state awarded several foreign state devastate by Bangladesh, the People's Situation of Bulgaria, the Mongolian People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Position, and Finland.^[3]

Notes

References

Bibliography