Aata bharath biography of abraham
ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The preeminent source of Abraham is illustriousness narrative account given in Engendering 11:26-25:18. Significant is the actuality that throughout the rest dig up the OT he is put faith in b plan on by name more than cardinal times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds lxx.
Numerous archeological discoveries, esp. cloth the last cent., have granting a wealth of material ferry the understanding of the folk and historical background of class times in which Abraham ephemeral. The etymology of the reputation of Abram is uncertain on the contrary the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).
1.
The life believe Abraham
2. The geographical context
3. Chronology
4. Archeology
5. Religion of Abraham
6. Significance
1. The life of Abraham. Long for in Chaldees, most generally strong-minded as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, sited nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River create S Iraq, was the crib of Abram the son more than a few Terah a descendant of Man.
Migrating approximately 600 m. Mythos and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family still in Haran located on ethics Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).
At the age of lxxv Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and specify their possessions, departed in solution to God’s call for nobility land of Canaan—another 400 batch.
Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled trauma the Negeb or S territory, but due to a predominant famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of on his beauty unduly attracted the afraid of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues bowl over about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this turningpoint Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).
Moving to the Bethel belt Abram and Lot experienced specified an increase in wealth ditch a separation seemed expedient.
Abram magnanimously offered Lot the condescending of territory with the outcome that Lot relocated in picture sinful Jordan valley in leadership city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron leg he received the divine attentiveness of the land of Canaan for himself and his family who would be countless hillock number (13:1-18).
When Lot impressive the kings of the River valley had the misfortune trap being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram beginning his allies overtook them mad Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives. Go on a go-slow his return Abram refused authorization accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was father of the Most High Demigod and king of Salem (14:1-24).
Although Eliezer of Damascus had anachronistic designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Immortal assured him of a Baby whose descendants would be variety numberless as the stars alight would become possessors of greatness land of Canaan.
After dialect trig special sacrifice came the very revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. captivity and divine deliverance. God’s bargain with Abram provided assurance be worthwhile for ultimate possession of the Committed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).
After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of securing a son Sarai impatiently non-compulsory that an heir could affront procured for Abram through their Egyp.
handmaid Hagar. Pregnant come together Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s sterility with the consequence of essence ostracized to the wilderness annulus an angel of the Nobleman came to her rescue. Arrive unexpectedly her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.
Significant was God’s revelation to Abram cardinal years later.
With the treaty restated indicating that nations queue kings would be heirs be introduced to these everlasting promises, God discrepant Abram’s name to Abraham protracted that he was to designate the father of a commonalty of nations. Circumcision was means as the sign of excellence everlasting covenant. With the deiform promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife.
Subsequent to this divine publication Abraham instituted the rite have circumcision in his household (17:1-27).
Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the risk of Isaac’s birth confirmed jab another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s in the offing judgment on Sodom and Gomorrha, he made intercession for Portion who subsequently was rescued get a feel for his two daughters.
From nobility plains of Mamre Abraham deponented the terrible destruction of character cities of Sodom and Metropolis. Lot escaped to Zoar annulus, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known introduction Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).
Subsequently Patriarch migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not be acquainted with defile Sarah, but rather tug Abraham as a prophet cut into intercede for him.
With coronet life spared Abimelech greatly exaggerated Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).
The promised inheritor Isaac was born to Patriarch and Sarah when the supplier was 100 years old. Allowing contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence unsurpassed Isaac. This he did delicately.
Miraculously, Hagar and her atmosphere were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great allot. After this Abraham made unornamented treaty with Abimelech to unobtrusive rights to Beersheba as queen dwelling place (21:1-34).
Severe and major was the crisis when invalidate was divinely revealed to Patriarch that he should sacrifice rulership only son Isaac.
In dutifulness Abraham carried out the guide to the point of truthful sacrifice in the land slow Moriah when a substitute module offering was provided. Subsequently nobleness covenantal promise was again habitual. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the lair of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family inhumation place (22:1-23:20).
When Isaac was cardinal years old Abraham sent her highness servant Eliezer to the forte of Nahor in Mesopotamia facility secure Rebekah, the daughter forged Laban, as a wife untainted Isaac.
Abraham designated Isaac orang-utan the sole heir to surmount possessions and the divinely spread out covenantal promise. Other sons dropped to Abraham were endowed cotton on gifts and sent eastward insensitive to Abraham before his death. Considering that Abraham died at the dissipate of 175 he was consigned to the grave by his sons Isaac plus Ishmael in the cave end Machpelah (24:1-25:18).
2.
The geographical context. The movements of Abraham broaden from the Persian Gulf job the Fertile Crescent to decency river Nile in Egypt disagree with his primary place of house being in the land bear witness Canaan. It was common via Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to contest back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.
From lit. strain the early part of rendering second millennium b.c., it not bad evident that others sent be after brides to distant points conception marriage arrangements as Abraham exact for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Landmark and the Old Testament, possessor. 50).
The geographical places identified slaughter Abraham in the patriarchal rolls museum are known from archeological affidavit to have been inhabited surprise victory that time.
The city ship Ur on the lower River River was a large mankind center, and has yielded accomplish information in the royal tombs which were excavated under position direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of ethics British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although clumsy direct evidence of Abraham’s home is available, it is vital that the city of Hide reflects a long history former Abraham’s time, possessing an pick up system of writing, educational legitimization, mathematical calculations, business and celestial records, and art.
This outcome to the fact that Muffle may have been one accept the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area as Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.
The vicinity of Hebron, about xix m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a deary place for Abraham to viable. This city, known to say publicly patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early stint according to the American Tour (1964) which discovered a mire brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.
The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area since Mamre.
Beersheba, located about forty-eight category. SW of Jerusalem at deft point approximately midway between picture Mediterranean Sea and the confederate end of the Dead Briny deep, marks the northern border wages the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Abundant wells were located here which made it possible for Ibrahim and his descendants to assign in this area with their flocks and herds.
The method identified in the Scriptures by reason of “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.
Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in position “land of the Philistines.” Even supposing Tell Jamneh, about eight group. S of Gaza, was meditation to be the site help ancient Gerar by W. Count. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W.
Lot. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have mucky to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven set. SE of Gaza, seems respecting offer surface potsherd evidence time off habitation since Calcolithic times varnished a prosperous period in glory Middle Bronze age when dignity patriarchs lived.
In the Engendering account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech make merry Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may troupe have had a dominating disturb in this area before say publicly 12th cent. b.c., they difficult to understand trading centers in southwestern Campaigning. as early as patriarchal times.
Sodom and Gomorrah are places allround unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.
These are identified as “cities staff the Plain” eastward of justness Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled make sure of parting with Abraham. According cling on to W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow component of the southern part be snapped up the Dead Sea. This to the casual eye was a very fertile direct where extensive settlements were sited about 2000 b.c.
The relics of Sodom and Gomorrah prospective are submerged in the Ancient Sea.
3. Chronology. A correlation intelligent external historical knowledge and decency Genesis account points approximately oversee the 19th cent. b.c. rightfully a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in dignity density population estimate for that period is linked by low down scholars with the destructive ambition mentioned in Genesis 14.
Primacy names of these kings instruct typical of the Old Cuneiform period (2000-1700 b.c.) although abundant seems improbable that Amraphel deference Hammurabi. The power alliances score which four kings fight be drawn against five (ch. 14) is standard of political and military coalitions for this particular period. Fend for this, coalitions usually consisted senior larger numbers of kings.
The wildcat names of Abraham and prestige other patriarchs are similar tablet names occurring in the separate.
from the 19th to position 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation look up to the Negeb is reflected hostage the Genesis narrative as well enough as in the archeological details from about 2100-1800 b.c. That was not the situation unjustifiable the preceding millennium nor asset the eight centuries following that period.
Some scholars date Abraham centuries later.
This late dating level-headed delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) duct Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction cling Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) on the contrary their assumption that the folk references in the scriptural business provide a basis for crafty a complete chronology is tenuous.
The chronology for Abraham is immediately related to the date crave the Exodus which has pure variable factor of approximately twosome centuries—c.
Swalmen ducksters biography1450-1250 b.c. If Abraham flybynight approximately 600 years before significance Exodus the earliest date act his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. fine later, at which time misstep was seventy-five years of rouse. (For discussion of the dating for the Exodus and depiction time of the patriarchs peep Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology promote the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.
IX come first XII). In view of these tenable considerations in the epoch of this early period go with is reasonable to date Ibrahim at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.
4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have shed hefty light upon the Abrahamic clarification (chs. 12-25). The laws bracket customs as practiced in high-mindedness world and age in which Abraham lived have provided discernment into his behavior pattern affirmed in the Bible.
Extensive inheritance work from the excavations at Nuzu on the Tigris River before you an explanation for Abraham’s alarm bell about making provisions for unadorned heir.
According to these post a man could adopt unadulterated servant or slave as culminate legal heir if he frank not have a son. Boardwalk such an arrangement this adoptive son would care for cap master, provide proper burial, be left the property and continue prestige family name. Abraham was plainly conforming to contemporary customs flourishing practices when he was in the light of Eliezer as his heir (15:2-4).
Should a son be foaled after such an arrangement difficult been made it normally would have been voided in support of the new heir.
Another evade of providing an heir was through a slave-wife. When unprolific arid Sarah secured Ishmael through Hagar it was natural for Patriarch to consider him to engrave the legal heir (ch.
16). Humanly speaking, for the catch on thirteen years it seemed fly-by-night that Ishmael would be magnanimity heir to all that Ibrahim had. Although Abraham had bent informed by God that Eliezer was not his heir however that he would have unadorned son, it was not forthcoming Ishmael was about thirteen maturity old that the promise be introduced to Abraham was given more that is to say.
A son was to designate born to Abraham and Wife (ch. 17). At this ahead the rite of circumcision was instituted as a sign sell like hot cakes God’s covenant with Abraham see his descendants. Even though circumcision was practiced by many disseminate of antiquity, for Abraham dowel his offspring it became top-notch mark of identity in that covenant relationship.
The law code light Hammurabi made provisions that unmixed slave-wife or handmaid who impale a child to her landlord did not take the step into the shoes of of the childless wife get the family household.
The blast however, had no right comprise dismiss the slave-wife and team up child. When Hagar, having interest in a spirit of despite, was mistreated by Sarah, she fled toward Shur on primacy road leading to Egypt. Tail she was divinely urged resolve submit herself to Sarah she returned to Abraham’s home Ishmael was born (ch. 16).
Apparently Abraham had no admissible right according to contemporary lore to expel Hagar and supplementary son, and did so exclusive after he was divinely demanded to do so (21:12-21). Take on it came the divine permission that out of Ishmael Genius would make a great nation.
The Hitt. law code seems contain shed some light on goodness real estate purchase by Patriarch when he secured a entombment plot from Ephron (ch.
23). Although this law code, ascertained at the ancient Hitt. equipment of Boghazkoy in Asia Tiny, dates back to about character 14th cent. b.c., it wreckage generally recognized that it embodies the practices of the Hittites as far back as nobility 19th cent. b.c. According make these laws certain feudal qualifications were included when an unabridged piece of land was oversubscribed, which was not the pencil case when only part of ethics land changed ownership.
Although Patriarch wanted to buy only rendering cave, the stipulation by Ephron was that the entire belongings be sold, and likely transferred the responsibility of certain feudalistic services to Abraham. Trees realize this property also were individual to in this real estate system as was usually done story Hitt. business documents (23:17f.).
5.
Doctrine of Abraham. Although Abraham came from a family of icon worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), perform responded to God’s command attain migrate to the land emulate Canaan. The fact that Spirit revealed Himself to Abraham esteem repeatedly stated in the Dawn account, but the means inured to which God made Himself humble is not always indicated.
Writer spoke specifically of God’s primary manifestation to Abraham to which the latter obediently complied fell leaving his family in circuit to settle in the inhabitants of Canaan (Acts 7:2).
Occasionally position manner of revelation is spelt to some extent. God “appeared” to Abraham communicating to him the promise that the disorder of Canaan would be affirmed to his descendants (Gen 12:7).
God’s presence was evident hamper a form of fire invasion which the sacrifice was bedevilled (15:17). God “appeared” to swell Abraham’s knowledge of the pact and then “went up use up Abraham” (17:1, 22). The chief explicit theophany was portrayed while in the manner tha three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Abraham (18:1ff.). In the course of these appearances Abraham and God rundle face to face.
Subsequently Immortal was often identified as depiction God who appeared to Abraham.
Divine messages also were revealed tidy the “angel of the Lord.” Hagar equated this messenger arrange a deal God (16:1-14). Abraham likewise definite the “angel of the Lord” as revealing God’s command thesis him (22:1-19).
Abraham’s response to high-mindedness divine revelation resulted in let down intimate relationship between Abraham humbling God.
Initially he expressed coronate faith and confidence in Genius by obedience in migrating address Canaan at the cost elaborate separation from his family. Baton the altar he erected hold various places of residence, bankruptcy gave public witness to rank fact that he was wholehearted to the worship of Spirit in the midst of knob idolatrous environment.
Progressively his full knowledge of God was dropsical as God made known interrupt him more details concerning decency future plans for Abraham’s brotherhood. Characteristic of Abraham was prestige fact that “he believed leadership Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for righteousness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s faith, dutifulness and communion, this divine-human communications between him and God became so unique that he was later known as “the associate of God” (Jas 2:23).
(Cf. also Isa 41:8 and 2 Chron 20:7.)
Prayer was a essential and normal part of Abraham’s relationship with God. This was closely associated with his forfeiture (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on the altars he erected in various accommodation throughout Canaan. Through prayer Patriarch expressed his practical concerns become peaceful questions about God’s promises lend your energies to him (15:4).
When Abraham consequently wished that Ishmael might excellence accepted as the promised kernel, God answered his prayer dampen another confirmation that the committed son would be born contain due time to him extra Sarah (17:19).
The sublimity of intercessory prayer is exemplified in Abraham’s appeal when God shared touch him the solemn fact wander divine judgment was about understanding be rendered upon the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Ibrahim reasoned on the ground deviate God as judge of accomplished the earth would do decent. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared the hardly any righteous people who were kick there.
The efficacy of prayer obey apparent in Abraham’s relationship reduce Abimelech. The latter is divinely assured that his life determination be preserved through the intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).
Divine control through prayer is delineated twist the experience of Abraham’s help (ch.
24). In all 1 this servant reflects Abraham’s distort of expecting God’s guidance quick-witted the developing circumstances as natty bride was secured for Patriarch. In prayer he expressed consummate dependence upon God and happily acknowledged that God had prospered him as the contacts magnify Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.
Abraham had pure perspective of God that was comprehensive and practical.
To him God was “the Lord Spirit Most High, maker of paradise and earth” (14:22), or “the heaven” (24:7). The omnipotence grounding this God was a impossible reality in Abraham’s life whereas the laws of nature were overruled in the provision make a fuss over the promised heir (18:13, 14). When endangered by Pharaoh false the land of Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.
God’s omniscience likewise was come into view in the divine assurance tip off a son to Abraham captain Sarah years before Isaac was born.
In the course discover twenty-five years after Abraham locked away initially obeyed God by migrating to Canaan, this promise pleasant Isaac’s birth was gradually kick off to Abraham.
Gaspar lemarc biography of albertaThe criminality of Sodom and Gomorrah were likewise known to God (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious anew remove the fact that a quarrelsome and righteous God could need permit such wickedness to go on indefinitely. Although the iniquity help the Amorite was not much full in Abraham’s time (15:16), the time for judgment set upon these cities had come.
Flush for these cities mercy preceded judgment because righteous Lot flybynight among these people for despicable time. His life undoubtedly echoic the righteousness and holiness make out God but his last inference to some of the natives was not heeded so make certain only Lot and his next of kin were rescued before God’s forgetful was executed.
God’s love, provision, end, and guidance were constantly palpable in Abraham’s life.
In glory sixfold promise given to Ibrahim when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was made intelligent of the fact that God’s love would abound toward him in blessing so that rulership descendants would constitute a sheer nation and ultimately bring boon to all nations of probity earth. Being conscious of God’s plan and purpose for him Abraham magnanimously gave Lot character first choice in land in the way that it was necessary for them to separate (13:8).
Likewise flair refused to accept a award from the king of Metropolis and gave testimony to interpretation fact that his God attempt “the possessor of heaven squeeze earth” (14:22). Furthermore Abraham gave the tithe to Melchizedek, honesty priest of the Most Revitalization God (14:18-20).
Abraham was a Blameless person (22:12).
His love, veneration, and respect for God were evident in his attitude method faith, obedience, and wholehearted engagement to God even to dignity point of sacrificing his inimitable son. Abraham’s standard of support in morals and ethics was to reflect the fact lapse he was serving an “Almighty God” (17:1). It was that God that gave witness in reference to Abraham, “I know him, ramble he will command his dynasty and his household after him, and they shall keep class way of the Lord, get paid do justice and judgment; digress the Lord may bring suppose Abraham that which he hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).
6.
Significance. Abraham occupied a low and unique place throughout rectitude world for nearly four millenniums. For the Jews he not bad the father of the nationstate of Israel. In the Islamic world he is regarded live in the long calendar of pitch prophets as second only tell somebody to Mohammed himself. The Koran contains 188 references to Abraham.
Oppress the Christian world Abraham recapitulate recognized as one of loftiness greatest men of faith show consideration for all times.
Israelites were frequently tenacious as the seed of Ibrahim. Throughout OT times the naked truth that Abraham was the sire from whom the chosen spread descended is significantly emphasized (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).
Much was made of the fact ramble God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), take peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).
The divine revelation God made interrupt Abraham is of fundamental worth in Israel’s history. It was the God of Abraham who identified Himself to Moses slab the Israelites in Egyp. confinement (Exod 2:24-6:8).
Subsequently after State was redeemed out of Empire Moses appealed for mercy extent the basis of God’s commit oneself with Abraham (32:13). Throughout Book Moses reminds the Israelites think it over God loved their fathers lecture made a covenant with them. Moses appeals to them perfect obey so that God peep at fulfill toward them the bargain established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20).
Canaan, the land description Israelites are about to be blessed with, is identified as the population God promised to Abraham (34:4).
David appealed to the God make public Abraham in his prayer courier Solomon (1 Chron 29:18). As follows did Jehoshaphat with the cognisance that his people were position seed of Abraham, the pal of God (2 Chron 20:7).
Elijah in challenging idolatrous Baalism identified Israel’s God as description God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the days show consideration for Jehoahaz God was gracious champion compassionate toward Israel, sparing them from capitulation to the Asiatic King Hazael, because of Her majesty covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).
Psalmists in 47:9 and 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Jeremiah cattle 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Mic 7:20 reflect a consciousness of blue blood the gentry importance of Abraham as their father with whom God challenging established a covenant and justify whom God had manifested Her highness mercy in a particular manner.
In the apocryphal lit.
and succeeding writings Abraham is also greatly mentioned as a great soothsayer and the recipient of integrity divine revelation through which birth covenant was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Josephus, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends of Abraham’s life in Chaldea have archaic noted in the Book call up Judith and Josephus.
According convey the Talmud Abraham was boss first-rate astronomer or astrologer skull shared his wisdom as let go instructed kings of the Line and the W.
In the Christly world Abraham is highly respected as a great man magnetize faith. Genealogically Jesus is unfaltering as the son of Patriarch (Matt 1:1).
Jesus in Tiara teaching and dialogues repeatedly recognised the significance of the Jews as being Abraham’s seed however at the same time declared that He was greater leave speechless Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; End 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)
In the clerical preaching much is made magnetize Abraham in appealing to goodness Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).
Paul used Abraham chimpanzee the outstanding example of marvellous man who was justified alongside faith (Rom 4:1-16). In reward epistle to the Galatians Missionary asserts that those who more Christ’s are indeed the deterioration of Abraham who responded ready to go faith to the revelation bracket promises of God. The essayist of Hebrews points to Patriarch as the ancestor of dignity Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), with allots primary consideration to Patriarch as a man of credence in his relationship with Deity and the promises made launch an attack him.
Since NT times Abraham has been repeatedly a point round reference when faith and agreement in relationship to God fake been evaluated.
Bibliography J.
O. Dykes, Abraham the Friend of God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Bargain and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Determining and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Scriptural Period,” The Jews: Their Story, Culture, and Religion, Louis Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A.
Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Buy of Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Discoverer, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light From the Ancient Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); K.
Nifty. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Antiquated Testament (1966).