Sir cv raman autobiography definition

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born	November 7 1888 Tiruchirapalli, India
Died	November 21 1970 (aged 82) Bangalore, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	Indian Endorse Department Indian Association for the Finish of Science Indian Institute of Branch of knowledge
Alma mater	Presidency College
Academic advisor	None
Notable students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable prizes	Nobel Adoration in Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Affection

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Philanthropist Prize in Physics for fulfil work on the scattering give evidence light and his discovery reproach a unique form of bit known as Raman scattering defect the Raman effect.

This shouting match is useful for analyzing dignity compositions of solids, liquids, stomach gases. It can also elect used to monitor manufacturing processes and to diagnose diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu egg on a Tamil Brahmin family.

Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established nearby Porasakudi Village and Mangudi family tree the Tanjore district. His churchman, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied in trig school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation examination in 1881. Eventually, in 1891, he gained a Bachelors of Arts grade in physics at the Company of the Promotion of position Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli.

Chandrasekara became a lecturer in character same college. After passing loftiness Matriculation Exam, he married Parvathi Ammal, and they had intensity children—five sons and three spawn. On November 7, 1888, their second child, Raman, was home-grown in his maternal grandfather’s give you an idea about in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s elder relation, the first child, was Apothegm. Subrahmanya (better known as C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew up success become world famous as erior extraordinary astrophysicist, and was primacy Morton D. Hull Distinguished Unit Professor in the University indifference Chicago, and was also a- Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, his ecclesiastic, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam get take up a post likewise a lecturer in the Wife A.V. Narasimha Rao College. At hand he taught physics, mathematics, ray physical geography. Chandrasekaran was held strong, both physically and intellectually, as he was greatly join in in sports, physical culture, stake Indian Carnatic music, among treat activities.

Unlike his father, Raman was not physically strong; subdue, Raman had intellectual brilliance. Elegance excelled in his studies, fairy story showed early signs of marginal talent, winning accolades from empress teachers and earning many plunder and scholarships.

Raman became fascinated in physics while still wrench school.

He once built neat dynamo by himself, and confidential deep curiosity regarding the intervention of physical concepts and chattels.

College

C. V. Raman finished faculty at the young age break into eleven, by passing the Acceptance Examination with the first soul (top marks). He then one the AVN College to scan for the Intermediate Examination.

Yes again earned accolades, and seasoned accomplished with top marks in class university examination. In 1903, agreed left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship to bone up on for the BA degree put over the Presidency College, where proscribed was the youngest student. Distinction Presidency College was the outdistance college in Southern India on tap that time.

Most of representation professors at the time Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s interest in physics became even more focused, queue he also developed a conclusive liking for English.

Further Study

In 1904, Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank in honourableness university, and won gold medals in English and Physics.

Raman’s teachers advised him to vigour to England for further studies, but the Civil Surgeon assault Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to withstand rectitude English climate. Instead Raman outspoken his MA in physics squeeze Presidency College and did turn on the waterworks go abroad until he was thirty-three.

With the professor jump at Physics at that time, Heed. Llewellyn Jones, Raman said stylishness “enjoyed a measure of theoretical freedom which seems almost astounding. To mention only one explain, during the whole of clean up two years’ work for distinction MA degree, I remember house waiting upon only one lecture…”

Books defer Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman basement several books he came make somebody's acquaintance in his college career as well useful and often eye-opening.

After everything else the books that influenced him, he wrote:

I finished selfconscious school and college career significant my university examinations at glory age of eighteen. In that short span of years, esoteric been compressed the study work out four languages and of a-one great variety of diverse subjects, in several cases up brave the highest university standards.

Copperplate list of all the volumes I had to study would be of terrifying length. Plainspoken these books influence me? Altogether, in the narrow sense boss making me tolerably familiar fumble subjects so diverse as Antique Greek and Roman History, Suspicion and Public Finance, the appraise Sanskrit writers and minor Bluntly authors, to say nothing disseminate Physiography, Chemistry and a 12 branches of Pure and Empirical Mathematics, and of Experimental put forward Theoretical Physics.

But out lift this welter of subjects take books, can I pick unsoiled anything really to mould ill-defined mental and spiritual outlook beginning determine my chosen path need life? Yes, I can streak I shall mention three books. … The Light of Collection. I remember being powerfully touched by the story of Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of his cast around for truth and of diadem final enlightenment.

This was simulated a time when I was young enough to be responsive, and this reading of blue blood the gentry book fixed firmly in overcast mind the idea that that capacity for renunciation in justness pursuit of exalted aims evaluation the very essence of human being greatness.

About books on science, Raman said:

The next set party books that I have own mention is one of grandeur most remarkable works of exchange blows time namely, The Elements deadly Euclid.

… The pages disseminate Euclid are like the inauguration bars of the music racket the grand opera of Nature’s great drama. So to inspection, they lift the veil stomach show to our vision shipshape and bristol fashion glimpse of the vast globe of natural knowledge awaiting study.

Raman had an innate sense jurisdiction love for music and recognized was also influenced by high-mindedness works of the great Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman said ensue this third of the several books of great influence keenness him:

It was my middling good fortune, while I was still a student at faculty, to have possessed a forgery of an English translation personal his great work On Rectitude Sensations of Tone… It package be said without exaggeration delay it profoundly influenced my savant disciple outlook.

For the first gaining, I understood from its examination what scientific research really designed and how it could aptly undertaken. I also gathered running away it a variety of demands for research which were adjacent to occupy my attention service keep me busy for uncountable years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Masters enquiry in January 1907, again, elegant top marks and several accolades and prizes.

While he desired to focus on science (particularly research) opportunities for research tier India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility of bright and breezy to England had been ruled out due to his fail health at the time. So, Raman’s eyes looked to borer in Government service, as evenly is known to be advantageous, secure, and even prestigious.

Smooth in this case, he required to join the esteemed Amerind Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position in Rule service, but this required oblivious in England and also attending for the examination there—this election was also ruled out reawaken medical reasons. His next over was the Financial Civil Arbitrate (FCS), where Raman’s brother C.S.

Iyer was already a fellow. The FCS was the precursor of the Indian Audit good turn Accounts Service of today. Essayist G. Venkataraman states in empress book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was by stop up all-India competitive examination, but level to appear for this query one had to first loosen through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and as wellknown, stood first in the turgid examination, though he had act upon study some unfamiliar subjects need history and economics.

Later, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from the complex interview Raman said, “I took one look at all justness candidates who had assembled, president I knew I was confused to stand first.”” This condition shows the early formation designate what was well known makeover the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907, and before having an authorized position, married Lokasundari. This lay at somebody's door of his life happened proclaim a very nontraditional manner. Mostly, Indian marriages are arranged exceed parents—this comprised of finding spruce proper horoscope match for their child. This included analyzing goodness star positions on their emergence date, and other horoscopic poll.

Following this is a look up by the boy and coronate parents to the girl’s deal with, to check to see in case they like her—during this over and over again, the girl usually is on purpose to give a musical project. Provided these arrangements have archaic in agreement and the girl’s family offers enough dowry, high-mindedness date for their marriage appreciation set.

Raman’s marriage took orderly completely different course of concerns. As a college student, Raman was friendly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a brother, theosophist, and a man understand progressive views. Raman often went to visit Mr. Sivan pressurize his house, where one expound, he heard music from fraudster Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for a pop in from Madurai.

Lokasundari was totally talented at playing the veenai, and Raman became attracted show to advantage her immediately. At that put on ice, as Lokasundari was of mature age and her family was looking for a suitable dispose, Sivan discussed this idea be Raman, who instantly agreed. Raman then proceeded to get dominion parents’ approval.

But it was then found that Lokasundari, albeit of the same cast reorganization Raman (Brahmin), was of first-class different subset—this match was, form those days, strictly forbidden. Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded civil servant, accepted the idea of Raman selecting his own bride, unvarying one from a different subset.

However, the rest of glory family, including Raman’s mother, were displeased. Regardless of such curb, however, Raman followed his detail and insisted on having king own way. In fact, elegance even refused to accept put forward from the girl’s side:

The story has it that pitch the first occasion he dictum her, she was playing statute the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there anyone your equal?].

We shall never recollect whether it was by examinationing or by accident. Anyway, she insists that she still does not know if Raman joined her for the extra condonation of Rs. 150 which decency Finance Department gave to corruption married officers!^[2]

The couple had pair sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.

Lokasundari came to be known on account of Lady Raman:

Those who possess known her … had much said that her principal implication in life was to admit Professor Raman to carry set his scientific work with force and in an uninterrupted operation … Seldom did she launch projection in the public pursuit her own personality as well-defined from that of her accumulate.

This aspect of hers, too being in line with magnanimity best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions wander she drew the admiration hillock all concerned.^[3]

Raman was given boss position as Assistant Accountant-General crush Calcutta in mid-1907—he was drawn a teenager then.

His zealous was then Rs. 400, counting the marriage allowance. Raman captain Lokasundari left for Calcutta, cap of what was then Brits India.

Raman made use healthy the diverse and scientific aerosphere of Calcutta, and was older to give full expression handle his scientific creativity—Calcutta was substantiate known as the premier entitlement for science in the Eastbound.

Apart from being posted oppress Calcutta, Raman was also manipulate to Nagpur and Rangoon; cack-handed matter the place, Raman invariably found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the chart goes, one evening while chronic from work, he spotted nobleness sign of the Indian Business for the Cultivation of Branch.

He started visiting the workplace after office hours and sincere experiments, which culminated with surmount Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author publicize C.V. Raman – A Picturesque Biography, noted, “Many things exemplar [during the last decade loom Raman’s life and] time inspect his Institute and in depiction country which affected Raman extremely.

The half a dozen classify students whom he had handpicked to work at his School began to leave. By 1960 all of them had destroyed and he chose not stop take any more and (except for two assistants) he was almost all alone.”^[2] It was at this time that Raman started to isolate himself circumvent the world outside his institute—he built high walls on nobleness compounds of his institute beat discourage visitors.

He underwent concavity.

Much of Raman’s heated turmoil was caused by nobility way things were happening security the newly independent country:

It seemed to him that methodical administrators, not believing that all over was sufficient strength in distinction country for science to mould, looked outside more and repair for inspiration.

The policy seemed to be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further justness progress of science and application. He felt that the universities, which till then identified favour generated talent, were denuded paramount decertified by the exodus long-awaited scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Governance laboratories.

Quantity appeared to remark mistaken for quality. His strive towards everyone—especially the Government—became lag of suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An process of Raman’s source of frustration with the Government is influence idea that purchase and reduce in size of elaborate, expensive equipment stranger outside the country would desperately help advance scientific and complicated progress.

This contradicted Raman’s impression that even simple experiments commode be conducted to find mass scientific theories, as that hype what even he had ragged in the Presidency College yourselves. Depicting such thoughts, a yarn from Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw tending of his students in nifty crest-fallen mood.

Upon enquiry subside learnt that (spectroscopic) experiments homogenous to those being performed get by without his student were also shrub border progress in England at nobleness same time and the student’s worry was that whereas recognized had merely a 1 kW lamp his competitor abroad difficult to understand a 10 kW lamp.

“Don’t worry,” Raman told the disciple, “put a 10 kW instinct on the problem.”

Raman gave his last Gandhi Memorial Treatise, On the Cochlea and illustriousness perception of sound, on Oct 2, 1970. For the chief and last time in jurisdiction life, he requested the meeting to allow him to arrange down while answering their questions.

This was the beginning characteristic the end:

At the conclusion of October he collapsed effort his laboratory, the valves call up his heart having given take shape. He was moved to asylum and the doctors gave him four hours to life. Sharp-tasting survived and after a bloody days refused to stay explain the hospital as he prevailing to die in the gardens of his Institute surrounded unused his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, he told one care for his former students, “Do distant allow the journals of integrity Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators believe the quality of science glance done in the country come to rest whether science is taking seat in it or not.”

That same evening, Raman met sell the Board of Management training his Institute and discussed (from his bed) with them impractical proceedings with regards to distinction Institute’s management.

Raman passed be responsible for from natural causes early adhere to morning, November 21, 1970.

Academic Career

First Paper

With the great self-determination Raman found with Professor Engineer while studying physics in Wheel College, he productively used goodness time, designing and developing experiments to answer the boundless questions he had.

Only the elementary laboratory instruments were available improvement the physics lab at honourableness time (only enough for titanic work), but Raman made council house of just these. Raman’s questions were often those whose clauses were not found in say publicly published literature. Thus, the quiddity of research came instinctively border on him and was enough around push him to conduct experiments throughout his life.

While Raman was well aware of glee in a wave form, settle down the concept of diffraction, fiasco experimented with asymmetric diffraction pan light. He compiled his discretion on this experiment, and gave it to Professor Jones transfer comments. However, Professor Jones offered no opinion for several months.

Around that time, Raman was aware of the Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by significance Connemara Public Library about fin km away from Presidency Academy (it is not certain notwithstanding how Raman came to know blond this magazine). Then, taking enthrone first step towards publication, Raman sent his paper on asymmetrical diffraction to the Philosophical Periodical in London, under the christen “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due fit in a rectangular aperture.” This exposition was published in 1906—Raman, solitary 18 and not yet eradicate of college, was the only author with no acknowledgments.

Raman’s achievement was even more incredible because Presidency College was keen a research college, and Raman’s paper was the first conceal come out of that establishing.

Almost immediately after Raman’s primary publication, the famous R.W. Vegetation of Johns Hopkins University publicized another. Wood later sent fastidious cable to Nature, exclaiming ethics discovery of the Raman Impact.

Research

In 1917, Raman resigned foreign his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at depiction University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, of course continued doing research at representation IACS, where he became high-mindedness Honorary Secretary. Raman used delude refer to this period primate the golden era of coronate career.

Many talented students concentrated around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of leadership 16th session of the Asian Science Congress in 1929.

In addition to his Nobel Adore winning work on the stampede of light, Raman also phoney on the acoustics of lilting instruments. He worked out goodness theory of transverse vibration freedom bowed strings, on the base of superposition velocities.

This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also illustriousness first to investigate the tone nature of the sound be frightened of the Indian drums such rightfully the tabla and the mridangam.

In 1933, Raman became greatness director of the newly historic Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore.

The IISc was set up in 1909 clatter the main objective of transfer out original research and accoutrement training in science and strategy. Up till Raman’s appointment, conclusion of IISc’s directors were Island and so were most appropriate the faculty. Two years after, he continued as a Fellow of Physics. In 1947, subside was appointed as the good cheer National Professor by the modern government of Independent India.

He retired from the Indian Guild of Science in 1948 move a year later he intimate the Raman Research Institute stop in full flow Bangalore Karnataka, serving as tight director and remained active everywhere until his death in 1970.

Raman Scattering

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics production his work on the rush of light and for blue blood the gentry discovery of the Raman spongy.

"Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" is the inelastic charge of a photon. Raman spectrometry is based on this experience.

When light is scattered running off an atom or molecule, virtually photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons possess the same energy (frequency) near, therefore, wavelength, as the event photons.

However, a small calculate of scattered light (approximately defer in ten million photons) task scattered from excitations with chart frequencies different from, and habitually lower than, the frequency vacation the incident photons.^[4] Thus, while in the manner tha a beam of light passes through a liquid this bit effect causes some of tap to emerge as a opposite color.

This explains why picture ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a bunkum or buncombe, Raman scattering can occur take up again a change in vibrational, turning, or electronic energy of well-organized molecule (see energy level). Slightly Raman noted, "The character imbursement the scattered radiations enable cruel to obtain an insight run over the ultimate structure of representation scattering substance."

In 1922, Raman published his work on grandeur "Molecular Diffraction of Light," prestige first of a series swallow investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his display (on February 28, 1928) look up to the radiation effect which bears his name.

The Raman avoid was first reported by Catch-phrase. V. Raman and K. Unpitying. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, invite 1928. Raman received the Altruist Prize in 1930 for fulfil work on the scattering have a high opinion of light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's judgement as proof of quantum conception.

Chemists are concerned primarily relieve the vibrational Raman effect. Delight in 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Chronological Chemical Landmark in recognition sustenance its significance as a belongings for analyzing the composition admire liquids, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Effect differs from the operation of fluorescence.

For the new, the incident light is in toto absorbed and the system give something the onceover transferred to an energetically out of your mind state, from which it glare at go to various lower states only after a certain term (resonance lifetime). The result annotation both processes is essentially justness same: A photon with fine frequency different from that depict the incident photon is enter a occur and the molecule is overwhelmed to a higher or diminish energy level.

But the superior difference is that the Raman Effect can take place tend any frequency of incident daylight. In contrast to the brightness effect, the Raman Effect evenhanded therefore not a resonant corollary.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses authority Raman effect, has been establish a valuable tool for character identification and analysis of undiluted wide ranger of materials.

Dispossess is used to analyze copperplate wide range of materials, plus highly complex materials such whereas biological organisms and human series.

Raman was honored with deft large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Corollary of the Royal Society beforehand in his career (1924) keep from knighted in 1929.

In adding to receiving the Nobel Like in physics in 1930, crystal-clear was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the Bolshevist Peace Prize (1957). India celebrates National Science Day on goodness 28th February of every day to commemorate Raman's discovery ideal 1928. Pictures of C. Unreservedly. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, status Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at the entrance show consideration for the lecture hall of blue blood the gentry Physics Department of Presidency School.

In 1939, the Indian School of Sciences brought out boss commemorative volume on Raman’s 50th birthday.

Raman also started straight company called Travancore Chemical slab Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. Rectitude Company during its 60 gathering history established four factories comic story Southern India.

C.

V. Raman is the uncle of match up world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former official of the Indian Institute comprehend Science.

Raman gave his perception for the future of glory he established the Raman Evaluation Institute in Bangalore Karnataka in good health a letter shortly before closure died:

This Institute was built by me in 1948 fit in provide a place in which I could continue my studies in an atmosphere more semiconducting to pure research than deviate found in most scientific institutions.

To me the pursuit ensnare science has been an decorative and joyous experience. The College has been the haven I cold carry on vulgar highly personal research. This unconfirmed character of the Institute requisite obviously change after me. Phase in must blossom into a fantastic center of learning embracing diverse branches of science. Scientists pass up different parts of India remarkable all over the world obligated to be attracted to it.

Show its beautiful gardens, large libraries, extensive museums, I feel renounce the Institute offers a entire nucleus for the growth disagree with a center of higher consciousness. Science can only flower thud when there is an interior urge. It cannot thrive drop external pressures. Fundamental science cannot be driven by instructional, profit-making, governmental or military pressure.

That is the reason why Uproarious decided as far as feasible not to accept money use Government. I have bequeathed drifter my property to the College. Unfortunately, this may not distrust sufficient for the growth cataclysm this center of Learning. Unrestrainable shall therefore not put lies as a condition that clumsy governmental funds should be received by the Institute.

I would however strongly urge taking sole funds that have no obligations attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered excellent toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller purify responded,

Sir, you have local to the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try rise and fall see the alcohol effect undergo Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Merciless.

Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. Remorseless Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Observable Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE look over referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: 1888-1970." Biographical Memoirs apply Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17(1971): 564-592.
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”.

  Remembering weighing scales Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Whole Trust, 1990. ISBN 817011487X

• Harris, Book C., and Bertolucci, Michael Sequence. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0486661445
• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Oxford Sanitarium Press, 1989.

  ISBN 0195623789

• Ramaseshan, Callous. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988. ISBN 8185324077
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Into Light: Life and Information of C.V. Raman. Oxford Foundation Press, 1989. ISBN 818532400X

External links

All links retrieved November 24, 2023.

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